Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Administrative Thought and Ethics

The â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† tells about Plato’s idea of the reality of the human situation. In the Allegory, Plato envisioned human existence as like slaves chained together in a deep, dark cave dimly illuminated by a fire burning some distance behind and above them.They chained and fettered in such a way that they have no way to see what is behind them. The Analogy of the Cave tells us that the appearances of things around us and as we understands them, are merely shadows of reality. The realities of these things are inaccessible to us.2. According to Plato, what are the â€Å"Forms?† How does Plato’s doctrine of the formstie in with the Allegory of the Cave?The â€Å"Forms† for Plato is a unified theory of reality, knowledge, and value. In other words, the Forms are concepts or ideas which are eternal rather than physical things. Forms are the incorporeal, eternal entities which constitute the ultimate realities.Reality of things lies in the w orld of perfect world of Forms or Ideas, and physical things are merely shadows of reality.  Ã‚   Plato’s doctrine of form tie with the Allegory in the Cave in the context that both tells that the realities are intangible. What we see around us are merely shadows or imitation of the reality which are ideas or forms.  What does Aristotle say about Plato’s doctrine of the forms and account of the good?  Aristotle regarded Plato’s doctrine of form as old ideas. According to Aristotle, Plato separated ideas from the physical forms of things. Plato held that physical things are merely shadows of what is real; Aristotle says that it is the substance that makes things real, and the essence or the substance of material things do not exist separately form those things.Aristotle says that for anyone to be good, he must first be able to manage his own family well. That is, goodness is reflected by how individual play his or her role in the family. However, the highes t good according to Aristotle can be obtain if we chose to desire a particular objective and is not complicated by desires of everything merely to satisfy our cravings (Aristotle, p. 1)According to Aristotle, what are the â€Å"virtues of thought?† Which of these do we use in making decisions about politics and ethics?The virtues of thoughts according to Aristotle are reason and choice or desire. Aristotle explained that if is reasoning are true and desires are right, it results to an intellect that is true and practical. Of these two, we use choice or desires most in making decisions about politics and ethics because choice or desires directs efforts towards the good actions. In other words, those who have these virtues are men who are capable to make a choice and whose reasoning are true.What is the main point that James Scott is trying to get across in his book, Seeing Like a State?The main point that James Scott is trying to get across in his book is that the state as mos t powerful institution is the great architect of modernization of the society as well as its deterioration by designing a social life that would not be in conflict with progress.It features an authoritarian state which placed â€Å"a single planning authority rather multiple source of invention and change; in place plasticity and autonomy of existing life, was a fixed social order in which positions were designated† (Scott, p. 93). Scott emphasized that high modernism emphasis does not all brings blessings but it also greatly brings disgrace and destruction.  Briefly compare and contrast the following sets of opposing concepts:   Monism vs PluralismIn a nut shell, Pluralism stands for the distributive form of being while the monism for the collective form. Monism held that there is one right way of resolving value conflicts-either by appeal to some supreme value, or to some authoritative ordering value. Pluralism on the other hand refers to the subset of public values suc h as liberty, justice, equality, and community.  Rationalism vs. Anti-rationalismRationalism is concern about the good of the society whether religious or not. It seeks to make morality the sole agenda of life and it declares that must be guided by reason and regulated by science. Aside from being the opposite, Anti-rationalism believes that rational belief alone cannot produce either exciting or justifying reasons. This view held that moral truth cannot be derived an objective judgment of right and wrong.Purposive State vs. Civil AssociationPurposive state according to Michael Spicer is a political association â€Å"in which individuals recognize themselves as united or bound together for the joint pursuit of some coherent set of sustentative ends while civil association† (p. 15).Spicer explained that purposive state is a planned social order that is a â€Å"method of establishing order that consist in limiting freedom of things and men to stay or move about at their plea sure, by assigning to each a specific position in the prearranged plan† (Spicer, p. 15).Civil association on the other hand is â€Å"one in which men and women see themselves as essentially free to pursue their own particular interests and values. Civil associations according to Spicer â€Å"understands themselves as bound together by their recognition of their acknowledgment of certain rules of conduct† (Spicer, p. 21).Work CitedAristotle (Trans. Ross, W.D.) â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† Book I (Happiness)Scott, J.C. â€Å"Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed† USA: Yale University PressSpicer, M. â€Å"Public Administration and the State: A Postmodern Perspective† USA: The University of Alabama

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Central Evaluation Unit Essay

The XIII Directorate of the European Union has a Central Evaluation Unit (CEU) which is tasked with evaluation of applications for grants from academics under its â€Å"cooperation and foundations† scheme. This scheme distributed relatively small grants to fund cooperative research between universities in the EU. All applications were sent to the CEU’s processing unit (CEUPU) by university liaison officers (ULOs) who are based in around 150 universities. The process flow of the CEUPU can be shown in the following page. As can be seen, the turnaround time can be shortened even more if the checkers will have direct access to the ULOs and coordination done directly. This can be achieved by use of email with the secretaries just copy-furnished. Also, the document tracking can be automated so that everyone knows where the documents are at any given time, using the identifier code that has been established for each application. In all, the application will be handled by the following people: 1. The ULOs who receive it and send to CEU. 2. Receipt clerk that checks that forms are complete. 3. Coding staff – set up a unique identifier for the application, encodes the data in the system. 4. Senior secretary that assigns the application to the next available checker. 5. Checker assesses the application. Half of the time, there is a need for additional information or data, and this must be conveyed to the secretary. 6. Secretary sends a query to the ULO 7. ULO secures the info from the applicant and sends back to secretary 8. Secretary sends to checker assigned 9. Checker decides 10. Auditor composes and sends acceptance/rejection letter. The problem of the CEUPU process is that there are too many steps and people involved in the process. First, the process can be automated and the application documents scanned. Then, the file can be sent electronically to the checkers so that they can be evaluated. Direct communication by the checkers to the ULO can be made for any inquiries/ additional data needed. Auditors prepare the acceptance or rejection documents ULOs receive application for grants Additional info and requirements sent back Request letter sent File sent to secretary who then makes a request for the collection of any information missing or additional information required Yes NO Checker evaluates the application Decision is made by the checkers to accept or reject Additional information needed? Senior secretary of the checkers assigns file to the next available checker 8 receipts clerks check each application for completeness of all necessary forms Applications arrive from 150 ULOs, placed in the â€Å"in-tray† NO YES Pro forma front sheet attached to documents 2 clerks place identifier on the form and encode it into the information system COMPLETE?

Monday, July 29, 2019

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz - Essay Example Which of the following actions can you ethically take? 13. Ojay Corp., A-C, Inc., and Kato Co. are competitors in the production and sale of knives. A year ago, the three firms agreed to share pricing information with each other on a periodic basis. As a result of this agreed sharing of information, the three companies regularly charge the same prices, including a minimum price that none of the three goes below and a maximum price that none of the three goes above. A fourth producer of knives is Bronco Co., the plaintiff in a Sherman Act section 1 lawsuit against Ojay, A-C, and Kato. Bronco claims in the lawsuit that the foregoing facts constituted price fixing and that Bronco suffered direct antitrust injury as a result. Assuming that Bronco is a proper plaintiff, which of the following is an accurate analysis under current antitrust law? B) If the court believes that the evidence demonstrates an agreement to fix prices, it will hold the defendants liable under section 1 without giving them the opportunity to make arguments concerning any allegedly sound business justifications for their agreement. D) If the court believes that the evidence demonstrates an agreement to fix prices, the defendants should succeed with an argument that they are not liable for any fixing of maximum prices, because any such price-fixing would have benefited consumers. 14. Mel is a securities broker who holds shares in Beanbag Inc. Mel does not disclose this to his customer Kim, whom he advises to buy Beanbag shares. Mel hopes that by not disclosing his conflict of interest, he will influence Kim to buy the shares. Kim, believing the information on Beanbag shares is given from Mels disinterested point of view, declares that buying Beanbag shares "sounds like an excellent idea" and purchases the shares. Which of the following statements is most

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Liberty and democracy in Marx and Kant. What is the contemporary Essay - 1

Liberty and democracy in Marx and Kant. What is the contemporary relavance of their ideas - Essay Example nduct as purposeful and lasting rather than unintended and short-term, bringing to history, in Hegel’s personal design, â€Å"the belief and conviction that the realm of the will is not at the mercy of contingency† (Michaelis 1999, 537). The grand design of principle of history for Marx and Kant is of more direct importance. It becomes, undeniably, a requirement of action, devoid of which the concern in the future, so significant to their interpretation of modernity, cannot be persistent. Their works on the philosophy of liberty and democracy, occasioned by the disturbance of revolutionary anticipations, stand witness to an open effort either to control the experience of discontentment or to disallow it completely in the purposes of preserving the future configuration of modernity and the militant devotions that go behind (ibid). Writing in the repercussions of the French Revolution, when the processes of philosophy of history were merely starting to overpower political theory, scholars have charted their own distinctive path between the linear certainties of Kant’s insight of development and the dialectical certainties that Marx borrowed from Hegel. Marx and Kant respond to the catastrophic course of revolution through establishing the political as a dimension in which the species in its entirety trundles in the footsteps of the gods even as people endure the destiny of simple mortals (Fine 2001). Indeed, the more powerful the state, and hence the more political a nation is, the less probable it is predisposed to view in the state itself, that is in the contemporary structure of society whose dynamic, self-aware, and official articulation is the state, for the origin of social immoralities, and hence appreciate their common nature. Political intellect is political merely because it deliberates within the restrictions of politics. The sharper and more active it is the less competent it is of understanding social immoralities (Tate 2004). Therefore, it is

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Fire service administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Fire service administration - Essay Example The case also comprised of varied civil cases, for instance, relatives of the dead and survivors who accused the then chief fire inspector for fraud and negligence. They state that he inspected the club at least twice and never indicated any faults made by the club owners in the club thus facilitating to the spreading of fire. Another civil case in the incidence is that of two brothers who owned the club accusing the white band floor using pyrotechnics without their permission. The latter equipments sparked up the fire before spread by the highly flammable flame. In the station nightclub fire, several functions of the US federal law to incidence like that are evident. For instance, the law ought to ensure safety of all its citizens everywhere at all times. For instance, the law required that station nightclub ought to have fitted certain safety equipments in the premises to combat occurrence of any such fatal incidences. The law also ought to be just and fair to all citizens. Certain accused parties like Michael and Jeffrey Derderian did not receive just sentences from their faults that spearheaded the ordeal. Public law generally encompasses of regulations set up by the federal regime and applies to all citizens in the government’s jurisdiction. These laws are set up by the government to oversee interactions between citizens and the state. However, in accordance to the United States criminal justice system private laws, it entails guidelines, standard operation procedures as well as regulations agreed upon by certain private entities to oversee their interoperations. Besides, the US government according to US federal constitution requires that certain social settings to attain a specific standard of safety requirements. According to station nightclub fire case, fitting of sprinklers in the club ought to be there as part of the

Friedrich Nietzsche a Philosopher in Society Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche a Philosopher in Society - Essay Example This essay analyzes that nationalism is the belief that groups of people are bound together by territorial, cultural and (sometimes) ethnic links (Glossary, online). Capitalism is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods depend on invested private capital and profit-making. Politically, this means the dominance of private owners of capital and production for profit. By extension, 'capitalism' has also taken in the belief that government should have nothing to do with the economy (Glossary, online). Capitalism is a form of government for a nation state, or for an organization in which all the citizens have a vote or voice in shaping policy (Democracy, online). Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the community as a whole should own and control the means of production (Glossary, online). Conservatism is a political philosophy or attitude that emphasizes respect for traditional institutions, distrust of gover nment activism and opposition to sudden change in the established order (Glossary, online). Liberalism is a term that gained significance in the 19th century when it meant the limiting of government power and the increase of social reform (Glossary, online). ... All Too Human, Daybreak, The Gay Science, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morals, The Case of Wagner, The Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, Ecce Homo, Nietzsche Contra Wagner, and The Will to Power (Friedrich Nietzsche a, online). Friedrich Nietzsche is famous for his rejection of Christianity (Friedrich Nietzsche b, online). He described Christianity as a nihilistic religion because it evaded the challenge of finding meaning in earthly life, creating instead a spiritual projection where mortality and suffering were removed instead of transcended. He believed nihilism resulted from the "death of God", and insisted that it was something to be overcome, by returning meaning to a monistic reality. He sought instead a "pragmatic idealism," in contrast to the prominent influence of Schopenhauer's "cosmic idealism" (Nihilism, online). He is also famous for his idea of "will to power". Hopes for a higher state of being after death are explained as compensations for failures in this life. The famous view about the "death of God" resulted from his observations of the movement from traditional beliefs to a trust of science and commerce. Nietzsche dissected Christianity and Socialism as faiths of the "little men," where excuses for weakness paraded as moral principles. John Stuart Mill's liberal democratic humanism was a target for scorn, and he called Mill "that blockhead" (Friedrich Nietzsche b, online).

Friday, July 26, 2019

Human Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Biology - Essay Example One of the major influences that made me choose biology as my field of study was my father who is a practicing dermatologist and gynecologist. Also, two of my six siblings have opted for a career in medicine. One of my brothers, who is living in Chile, is a renowned plastic surgeon and another brother placed in Florida is working as an obstetrics and gynecology specialist. Hence it was an easy option for me when it came to selecting my major field of study. Their work and successes have been a huge inspiration to me and have instilled within me a strong urge to pursue a career in medicine specializing in plastic surgery (The Scope of Biology). With one of my brothers being a plastic surgeon, I had developed an interest in the field as it has the potential to bring about a visible change in the lives of many people and help them lead a normal life. Though the concept of surgically changing the physical features of a person was initially restricted to burn victim’s the more rece nt advances has resulted in using plastic surgery for other ailments such as breast reconstruction following cancer treatment, treatment of cancerous skin, repair of cleft lip and palate and for facial reconstruction surgeries. There is also a misconception that plastic surgeons are simply cosmetic surgeons. Scientific Reports has estimated about 80% of the surgeries carried out to be reconstructive in nature as they mainly help to create a visibly pleasing appearance following burns or scaring of body tissues (Freedlander).

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Merger of HSBC and Oman international bank Essay

Merger of HSBC and Oman international bank - Essay Example Using secondary research and quantitative analysis, this research aimed at testing how the hypothesis that mergers incurring high leverage levels succeed under normal markets. The study results show that mergers incurring high leverage levels also incur higher financial risks. Contemporary business models face various challenges among them competitiveness of rivals and economic landscape. The unpredictability of the economic environment has pushed companies to take various measures among them mergers and acquisitions. Since this research is focused on mergers, it considers mergers as the collaboration of two mature business entities. Mergers have different meanings to different entities. To the most important stakeholders, the parent companies, use mergers are partnering to explore a common business interest. On the other hand, mergers mean the teamwork between businesses with a common business goal. The difference between business goals and business interests is that the former indicates the plan of a business and how it plans on meeting various financial and operational goals. On the other hand, business interests involve common ambitions as well as shared vision of taking opportunities head on. However, business interest take on the assumption that the market has a gap that the merging companies have to collaborate to ensure success is achieved in the most financially and economically effective manner possible. Five types of merges are identified within the business environment. Among these includes the horizontal, product extension, market extension, vertical, and conglomeration. Horizontal mergers involve two companies which are in direct competition with each other. The motive of this type of merger is to cut down on competition and maximize on factors that can improve the economic footing of both companies. Vertical mergers include a customer and company.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Plant experiment only methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plant experiment only methodology - Essay Example f fertilizers on plant growth by measuring parameters such as shoot height, stem diameter and root length in two groups of the same plant grown over two months: one grown with fertilizers, and the other without. In one plot, sixteen equidistant holes were dug to a depth of around 20cm. The spacing between the holes was 0.5m. Into each hole, a maize seed was placed. The hole was then covered with soil and compacted gently. In the second plot, sixteen equidistant holes were dug to a depth of 20 cm. The spacing between the holes was also 20cm. One seed was placed into each hole, along with a little fertilizer. Caution was observed to ensure the fertilizer did not come into contact with the seeds. The holes were then covered with soil and then compacted gently. The plots were adequately watered each day. After two months, the shoot heights, root length and stem diameter of the plants were measured and recorded. Using the measurements, the root/shoot ratios were determined for the two groups of plants. The results obtained should support the idea that fertilizers accelerate plant growth by providing the essential nutrients. The measurements made will indicate that the maize plants grown with fertilizers have taller shoots, larger stem diameters and longer roots compared to those grown without fertilizers. The root/shoot ratios for the two groups of plants will not be largely different because the shorter roots are compensated for by the shorter shoots, and taller shoots compensate for by the deeper roots. 1. Huifeng, N., et al. 2009. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain phytic acid and protein concentrations in japonica rice and its variations with genotypes. Journal of Cereal Science

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Scientific Research in Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scientific Research in Education - Assignment Example The exclusion of physics relies on the argument that physics cannot accommodate sociality, intentionality and the influences of history that encompass human phenomena, which includes education. The expectations of physics involve highly controlled experiments and collection of general laws, which are not sufficient in scientific research, in education. The argument of scientific research in education is that it is necessary in the temporary determination to certain questions especially those questions which involve empirical evidence. In spite of this position, scientific research in education does not provide the best method of answering questions and only answers questions not based on non-moral issues. Scientific research in education involves various research methods and designs and not limited to any one method since questions to be addressed require various methods according to the investigation circumstance. According to scientific research in education, quality and standards in research methods are dependent on the field and the question asked. In the decision, made at any time concerning the quality of education research be based on the research community on education and not legislators or politicians. Other noteworthy things the scientific research in education does not mention include casual explanations required by scientific research(Margaret, n.d). ... Scientific research has advantaged one question, which is systematic effect kind of question that asks what works and develops a singled kind of method on how to answer the question by using the randomized experiment method to address the question. The report discusses other research questions like the; what is happening question and the how is it happening question. Margaret (n.d) argues that the latter two types of questions are as valuable as the first question and are essentially necessary to respond to before the first question can be attempted. This notion bases its argument on the position that in order to assess correctly, what is happening it is necessary to know whatever is going on. It is essentially necessary to have appropriate and careful knowledge of what is happening in order to compare the effect of one set of policies or activities to another. There should be knowledge of how or why the happening of something happens as it does. According to Margaret (n.d), the corr elation between the effects and cause of two activities becomes irrelevant unless there is an explanation as to the link between the effect and cause. The validity of randomized trials and other kinds of hypothesis testing’s and investigations become vague unless there is a clear explanation to the link between the two. The weakness of scientific research in education is that its attention on the contribution of qualitative methods is too little. To achieve better descriptions to address properly the questions of what is happening and the necessary explanatory process of addressing why things happen the way they do. The position is that rather than describing the symptoms of a

Monday, July 22, 2019

Media as the main branch of society that sway Gender Essay Example for Free

Media as the main branch of society that sway Gender Essay In the current era, media had been greatly influencing the society. Through the variety of information and mediums the industry could utilize, seemingly media could create numerous impact in the lives of many people. In the movie Bodyguard which was publicized in 1992 provides one of the most distinct examples which could be highlighted to see the power of the media. In terms of gender topics, media had been the main industry that has the authority to proclaim what should or should not be for various genders in the society. The movie Bodyguard starred the most popular actors during the early 90s such as Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston. Both of these actors have their own image which the masses view of them. Therefore, there is an immediate connotation when it comes to the characters they portray. Kevin Costner is known to be a very good actor who had been acknowledged in many award giving bodies. Whitney Houston on the other hand is a very popular singer who is idolized by many. In the movie, Houston sort of, portrayed herself while Costner captured the role of a masculine, â€Å"only-doing-his-job† body guard who is very much protective of Whitney for the reason that she has a stalker. Houston on the other hand is a famous singer who was being harassed by a stalker. Thus seeing the main personalities, the characters does portray a very â€Å"in-the-box† nuance of what a male and a female should be. Just like in fairytales, the woman must be saved by a man in order for her to get through the evil witches who were often abusing the helpless lead character. In conclusion, media and the concept of media go together. The perspective of the media of what should or should not be is immediately absorbed by the society. Moreover, the movie Bodyguard supports the concept of the typical male and female responsibilities which is practiced by the society. Thus, the media supports this type of perspective of gender which strictly assumes that men are strong and protective while women are vulnerable and weak. References Costner, K. , Kasdan, L. Wilson, J. (Producers). Jackson, M. (Director). (1992). Bodyguard. [Motion Picture]. United States: Warner Brothers.

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay Our task involves doing an essay on the similarities and differences of three detective fiction stories: The Speckled Band, A Scandal In Bohemia and The Dancing Men all written by the magnificent Arthur Conan Doyle. The genre of these particular stories is all based on Crime/detective. All three stories have the same type of structure although the contents are different. Even though the contents are different, the way they are organised is similar because they are detective stories we should expect similarities between them. Despite the different characters the crime and action in all three is similar. In all three stories there is the same central character Sherlock Holmes-the detective and his great friend Dr John Watson-the first narrator. Helen Stoner approaches Sherlock Holmes about the murder of her sister the night before she was duo to get married. Holmes investigates the cause of death. A Scandal In Bohemia The king of Bohemia comes to see Holmes about a valuable photo, which he needs to get hold of before it ruins his life. The Dancing Men Hilton Cubitt approaches Holmes with a problem; him and his wife are being sent childish drawings of dancing men. Holmes investigates further. The exposition in all three stories has many similarities and differences. There are many similarities I notified in the exposition of these stories, one of which was the dates e. g. in The Speckled Band -Early April in the year 83 Scandal In Bohemia-one night-20th March, 1888. Although the dates are given in two of the stories, I have realised that in The Dancing Men no specific dates are given. This emphasizing a difference in the exposition. In all three stories Dr John Watson is the first (person) narrator and Holmes is always introduced by him. For example in The Speckled Band-In glancing over my notes over the seventy odd cases in which I have during the last eight years studied the methods of my dear friend Sherlock Holmes. The Dancing Men-Holmes had been seated for some hours in silence with his long, thin back curved over a chemical vessel in which he was brewing a particularly malodorous product. A Scandal In Bohemia To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Data Multimedia Images

Data Multimedia Images Chapter I Introduction 1.1 What is meant by Multimedia Data? A number of data types can be characterized as multimedia data types. These data types are normally the essentials for the building blocks of core multimedia environments, platforms and integrating tools. The basic types can be described as text, images, audio, video and graphic objects. Following is a detailed explanation for the same. Text Text can be stored in a variety of different forms. In addition to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) based files, text is usually stored in spreadsheets, annotations, processor files, databases and common multimedia objects. The task of text storage is becoming more and more complex due to the easy availability and abundance of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and text fonts, permitting unique effects such as text color, text shade etc. Images Digitalized images are nothing but a string of pixels that signify an area in the user’s graphical exhibit. There is an immense variation in the quality and dimension of storage for motionless images. For motionless (still) images, the space overhead varies with respect to complexity, size, resolution and compression format used to store any given image. The frequently used and accepted image formats (file extensions) consist of bmp, jpeg, tiff and png. Audio Audio, being another frequently used data type is relatively space intensive. A minute of sound takes up to 3 Megabytes (MB) of space. Numerous methods can be deployed to compress an audio into suitable formats. Video Another data type which consumes majority of space is categorized as the digitalized video data type. Videos are normally stored as a series of frames, the capacity of which depends on its resolution. A solo video frame can take up to 1 MB of space. Continuous transfer rate is needed to get a reasonable video playback with its proper transmission, compression, and decompression. Graphic Objects This data type consists of unique data structures that can define 2D and 3D shapes which further helps in defining multimedia objects. Today one can use different formats for image applications and video-editing applications. To list few examples Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) are graphic objects 1.2 How is Multimedia Data Different? Theoretically multimedia data should be considered like any regular data based on the data types for instance numbers, dates and characters. Though, there are a few challenges that arise from multimedia as described in [2]: Multimedia data is usually captured with various unreliable capturing techniques such as image processing. These multimedia processing techniques require capabilities for handling these various available methods of capturing content, this includes both automated and manual methods. In multimedia database, the queries created by the user rarely come back with textual answer. To a certain extent, the answer to user query is a compound multimedia presentation that the user can glance through at one’s leisure. The size of the multimedia data being large not only affects the storage, retrieval but also the transmission of data. Time to retrieve information may be vital while accessing video and audio databases, for example Video on Demand. Automatic feature extraction and Indexing: User explicitly submits the attribute values of objects inserted into the database in contrast to advanced tools with conservative databases, such as image processing and pattern recognition tools for images to extract the various features and content of multimedia objects. Special data structures for storage and indexing are needed due to the large size of data. 1.3 Basic Approaches for Data Retrieval Data management is being implemented since long. Many approaches have also been invented for the same to manage and inquire various types of data in the computer systems. The commonly used approaches for data management comprise of conventional database system, information retrieval system, content based retrieval system and graph/ tree pattern matching. The details for the same are as follows: Conventional database system It is the most extensively used approach to manage as well as investigate structured data. Data in a database system must match to some predefined structures and limitations (schema’s). The user should specify the data objects to be retrieved and the tables from which data has to be extracted. The user also has to predicate on which the retrieval of data will be based to formulate a database query. SQL, a query language has a restricted syntax and vocabulary that can be used for such databases. Information retrieval (IR) system This system is prominently used to search enormous text collections; where in the content of the data (text) is illustrated with the help of an indexer using keywords or a textual summary. The query demands are expressed in terms of keywords or natural language. For instance, searching for an image or video, the user is required to describe using words and also need means to store large amount of metadata in textual form. Content based retrieval (CBR) system This approach facilitates in the retrieval of multimedia objects from an enormous collection. The retrieval is based on various features such as color, texture and shape which can be extracted automatically from the objects. Though keyword can be considered a feature for textual data, conventional retrieval of information has a higher performance as compared to content-based retrieval. This is due to the fact that keyword has the demonstrated ability to characterize semantics while no other features have revealed convincing semantic describing capability. A key disadvantage of this particular approach is its lack of accuracy. Graph or tree pattern matching This particular approach seeks the retrieval of object sub-graphs from an object graph as per several designated patterns. Chapter II Data Structures for Multimedia Storage Many modern database applications deal with large amounts of multidimensional data. Multimedia content-based retrieval is one of the examples. Access Methods are essential in order to deal with multidimensional data efficiently. They are used to access selective data from a big collection. 2.1 Importance of Access Methods Efficient spatial selection support is the key purpose of access methods. These include range queries or nearest neighbour queries of spatial objects. The significance of these access methods and how they take into account both clustering techniques and spatial indexing is described by Peter Van Oosterom [3]. In the absence of a spatial index, every object in the database needs to be checked if it meets the selection criteria. Clustering is required to group the objects that are often requested together. Or else, many different disk pages will have to be fetched, resulting in a very slow response. For spatial selection, clustering implies storing objects that are not only close in reality but also close in computer memory instead of being scattered all over the whole memory. In conventional database systems sorting the data is the basis for efficient searching. Higher dimensional data cannot be sorted in an obvious manner, as it is possible for text strings, numbers, or dates. Principally, computer memory is one-dimensional. However, spatial data is 2D, 3D or even higher and must be organized someway in the memory. An intuitive solution to organize the data is using a regular grid just as on a paper map. Each grid cell has a unique name e.g. ’A1’, ’C2’, or ’E5’. The cells are stored in some order in the memory and can each contain a fixed number of object references. In a grid cell, a reference is stored to an object whenever the object overlaps the cell. However, this will not be very efficient due to the irregular data distribution of spatial data because of which many cells will be empty while many others will be overfull. Therefore, more advanced techniques have been developed. 2.2 kd Trees A kd-tree or a k-dimensional tree is a space-partitioning data structure used for organizing points in a k-dimensional space. kd-trees are a useful for several applications such as searches involving a multidimensional search key like range searches and nearest neighbour searches. Kd-trees are a special case of Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) trees. A kd-tree only uses splitting planes that are perpendicular to one of the coordinate axes. This is different from BSP trees, in which arbitrary splitting planes can be used. In addition to this, every node of a kd-tree, from the root to the leaves, stores a point. Whereas in BSP trees, leaves are typically the only nodes that contain points. As a consequence, each splitting plane must go through one of the points in the kd-tree. [4] 2.2.1 Addition of elements to kd trees A new point is added to a kd tree in the same way as one adds an element to any other tree. At first, traverse the tree, starting from the root and moving to either the left or the right child depending on whether the point to be inserted is on the left or right side of the splitting plane. Once you get to a leaf node, add the new point as either the left or right child of the leaf node, again depending on which side of the node’s splitting plane contains the new point. 2.2.2 Deleting from kd trees Deletion is similar as in Binary Search Tree (BST) but slightly harder. Step1 find node to be deleted. Step2 two cases must be handled: (a) No children replace pointer to node by NULL (b) Has children replace node by minimum node in right subtree. If no right subtree exists then first move left subtree to become right subtree. [1] 2.3 Quad-trees Each node of a quad-tree is associated with a rectangular region of space. The top node is associated with the entire target space. Each non-leaf node divides its region into four equal sized quadrants, likewise, each such node has four child nodes corresponding to the four quadrants and so on. Leaf nodes have between zero and some fixed maximum number of points. 2.3.1 Simple definition of node structure of a point quad-tree qtnodetype = record INFO: infotype; XVAL: real; YVAL: real; NW, SW, NE, SE: *qtnodetype end Here, INFO is some additional information regarding that point . XVAL, YVAL are coordinates of that point. NW, SW, NE, SE are pointers to regions obtained by dividing given region. [1] 2.3.2 Common uses of Quad-trees Image Representation Spatial Indexing Efficient collision detection in two dimensions Storing sparse data, such as formatting information for a spreadsheet or for some matrix calculations. 2.3.3 Representing Image Using Quad-tree: [7] Let us suppose we divide the picture area into 4 sections. Those 4 sections are then further divided into 4 subsections. We continue this process, repeatedly dividing a square region by 4. We must impose a limit to the levels of division otherwise we could go on dividing the picture forever. Generally, this limit is imposed due to storage considerations or to limit processing time or due to the resolution of the output device. A pixel is the smallest subsection of the quad tree. To summarize, a square or quadrant in the picture is either : entirely one color composed of 4 smaller sub-squares To represent a picture using a quad tree, each leaf must represent a uniform area of the picture. If the picture is black and white, we only need one bit to represent the colour in each leaf; for example, 0 could mean black and 1 could mean white. Now consider the following image : The definition of a picture is a two dimensional array, where the elements of the array are colored points. Figure 2.3: First three levels of quad-tree Figure 2.4: Given Image This is how the above image could be stored in quad-tree. Figure 2.5: 88 pixel picture represented in a quad-tree Figure 2.6: The quad tree of the above example picture. The quadrants are shown in counterclockwise order from the top-right quadrant. The root is the top node. (The 2nd and 3rd quadrants are not shown.) 2.3.4 Advantages of Quad-trees: They can be manipulated and accessed much quicker than other models. Erasing an image takes only one step. All that is required is to set the root node to neutral. Zooming to a particular quadrant in the tree is also a one step operation. To reduce the complexity of the image, it suffices to remove the final level of nodes. Accessing particular regions of the image is a very fast operation. This is useful for updating certain regions of an image, perhaps for an environment with multiple windows. The main disadvantage is that it takes up a lot of space. 2.4 R-trees R-trees are N-dimensional extension of Binary trees, but are used for spatial access methods i.e., for indexing multi-dimensional information. They are supported in many modern database systems, along with variants like R+ -trees and R*-trees. The data structure splits space with hierarchically nested, and possibly overlapping, minimum bounding rectangles.[4] A rectangular bounding box is associated with each tree node. [5]   Bounding box of a leaf node is a minimum sized rectangle that contains all  the rectangles/polygons associated with the leaf node. Bounding box associated with a non-leaf node contains the bounding box associated with all its children. Bounding box of a node serves as its key in its parent node (if any) Bounding boxes of children of a node are allowed to overlap. 2.4.1 Structure of an R-tree node rtnodetype = record Rec1, .Reck : rectangle P1, .Pk : âˆâ€"rtnodetype end A polygon is stored in one node, and the bounding box of the node must contain the polygon. Since a polygon is stored only once, the storage efficiency of R-trees is better than that of k-d trees or quad-trees. The insertion and deletion algorithms use the bounding boxes from the nodes to ensure that close by elements are placed in the same leaf node. Each entry within a leaf node stores two-pieces of information; a way of identifying the actual data element and the bounding box of the data element. 2.4.2 Inserting a node 1. Find a leaf to store it, and add it to the leaf. To find leaf, follow a child (if any) whose bounding box contains bounding box of data item, else child whose overlap with data item bounding box is maximum 2. Handle overflows by splits. We may need to divide entries of an overfull node into two sets such that the bounding boxes have minimum total area. 2.4.3 Deleting a node 1. Find the leaf and delete object; determine new MBR. 2. If the node is too empty: Delete the node recursively at its parent Insert all entries of the deleted node into the R-tree 2.4.4 Searching R-trees Similarly, for searching algorithms, bounding boxes are used to decide whether or not to search inside a child node. Here we need to find minimal bounding rectangle. In this way, most of the nodes in the tree are never touched during a search. If the node is a leaf node, output the data items whose keys intersect the given query point/region Else, for each child of the current node whose bounding box overlaps the query point/region, recursively search the child. 2.5 Comparison of Different Data Structures [1] k-d trees are very easy to implement. However, in general a k-d tree consisting k nodes may have a height k causing complexity of both insertion and search in k-d trees to be high. In practice, path lengths (root to leaf) in k-d trees tend to be longer than those in point quad-trees because these trees are binary. R-trees have a large number of rectangles potentially stored in each node. They are appropriate for disk access by reducing the height of the tree, thus leading to fewer disk access. The disadvantage of R-trees is that the bounding rectangle associated with different nodes may overlap. Thus when searching an R-tree, instead of following one path (as in case of quad-tree), we might follow multiple path down the tree. This difference grows even more acute when range search and neighbour searches are considered. In case of point quad-trees, while performing search/insertion each case requires comparisons on two coordinates. Deletion in point quad-trees is difficult because finding a candidate replacement node for the node being deleted is not easy. Chapter III Metadata Metadata is data about data. Any data that is used to describe the content, condition, quality and other aspects of data for humans or machines to locate, access and understand the data is known as Metadata. Metadata helps the users to get an overview of the data. 3.1 Need of Metadata The main functions of metadata can be listed as follows: [8] Description To describe and identify data sources. These descriptions help create catalogs, index, etc., thereby improving access to them. Querying Formulation of queries. Administration To provide information to help manage and administrate a data source, such as when and how it was created, and who can legally access it. Preservation To facilitate data archival and preservation like data refreshing and migration, etc. Technical To indicate how a system functions or metadata behaves, such as data formats, compression ratios, scaling routines, encryption key, and security, etc. Use To indicate the level and type of use of data sources like multiversion, user tracking, etc. 3.2 Metadata in the Life Cycle of Multimedia Objects A multimedia object undergoes a life cycle consisting of production, organization, searching, utilization, preservation, and disposition. Metadata passes through similar stages as an integral part of these multimedia objects [8]: Creation Objects of different media types are created often generating data of how they were produced (e.g., the EXIF files produced by digital cameras) and stored in an information retrieval system. Associated metadata is generated accordingly for administrating and describing the objects. Organization Multimedia objects may be composed of several components. Metadata is created to specify how these compound objects are put together. Searching and retrieval Created and stored multimedia objects are subject to search and retrieval by users. Metadata provides aids through catalog and index to enable efficient query formulation and resource localization. Utilization Retrieved multimedia objects can be further utilized, reproduced, and modified. Metadata related to digital rights management and version control, etc. may be created. Preservation and disposition Multimedia objects may undergo modification, refreshing, and migration to ensure their availability. Objects that are out-of-date or corrupted may be discarded. Such preservation and disposition activities can be documented by the associated metadata. 3.3 Classification of Metadata Metadata directly affects the way in which objects of different media types are used. Classifying metadata can facilitate the handling of different media types in a multimedia information retrieval system. Based on its (in)dependence on media contents, metadata can be classified into two kinds, namely content independent and content-dependent metadata [8]: Content-independent metadata provides information which is derived independently from the content of the original data. Examples of content independent metadata are date of creation and location of a text document, type-of-camera used to record a video fragment, and so on. These metadata are called descriptive data. Content-dependent metadata depends on the content of the original data. A special case of content-dependent metadata is content-dependent descriptive metadata , which cannot be extracted automatically from the content but is created manually: annotation is a well-known example. In contrast, content-dependent non-descriptive metadata is based directly on the contents of data. 3.4 Image metadata Some of the image files containing metadata include Exchangeable image file format (EXIF) and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF). Having metadata about images embedded in TIFF or EXIF files is one way of acquiring additional data about an image. Image metadata are attained through tags. Tagging pictures with subjects, related emotions, and other descriptive phrases helps Internet users find pictures easily rather than having to search through entire image collections. A prime example of an image tagging service is Flickr, where users upload images and then describe the contents. Other patrons of the site can then search for those tags. Flickr uses a folksonomy: a free-text keyword system in which the community defines the vocabulary through use rather than through a controlled vocabulary. Digital photography is increasingly making use of metadata tags. Photographers shooting Camera RAW file formats can use applications such as Adobe Bridge or Apple Computers Aperture to work with camera metadata for post-processing. Users can also tag photos for organization purposes using Adobes Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) language, for example. [4] 3.5 Document metadata Most programs that create documents, including Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Word and other Microsoft Office products, save metadata with the document files. These metadata can contain the name of the person who created the file, the name of the person who last edited the file, how many times the file has been printed, and even how many revisions have been made on the file. Other saved material, such as document comments are also referred to as metadata. Document Metadata is particularly important in legal environments where litigation can request this sensitive information which can include many elements of private detrimental data. This data has been linked to multiple lawsuits that have got corporations into legal complications. [4] 3.6 Digital library metadata There are three variants of metadata that are commonly used to describe objects in a digital library: descriptive Information describing the intellectual content of the object, such as cataloguing records, finding aids or similar schemes. It is typically used for bibliographic purposes and for search and retrieval. structural Information that ties each object to others to make up logical units e.g., information that relates individual images of pages from a book to the others that make up the book. administrative Information used to manage the object or control access to it. This may include information on how it was scanned, its storage format, copyright and licensing information, and information necessary for the long-term preservation of the digital objects. [4] Chapter IV Text Databases Basic text comprises of alphanumeric characters. Optical character recognition (OCR) practices are deployed to translate analog text to digital text. The most common digital representation of characters is the ASCII code. For this, seven bits are required (eight bits might be used, where in the eighth bit is reserved for a special purpose) for each character. Storage space for a text document that is required is equivalent to the number of characters. For instance, a 15 page text document consisting of about 4000 characters generally consumes 60 kilobytes. Now days, structured text documents have become extremely popular. They comprise titles, chapters, sections, paragraphs, and so forth. A title can be presented to the user in a different format than a paragraph or a sentence. Different standards are used to encode structured information such as HTML and XML (hyper text markup language and extensible markup language) There are different approaches like Huffman and Arithmetic Coding, which can be used for text compression, but as the storage requirements are not too high, these approaches are not as important for text as they are for multimedia data. [10] 4.1 Text Documents A text document consists of identification and is considered to be a list of words. Likewise, a book is considered to be a document, and so is a paper in the events of a conference or a Web page. The key identification used for a book may be an ISBN number or the title of the paper together with the ISBN number of the conference event or a URL for a Web page. Retrieval of text documents does not normally entail the presentation of the entire document, as it consumes a large amount of space as well as time. Instead, the system presents the identifications of the chosen documents mainly along with a brief description and/or rankings of the document. 4.2 Indexing Indexing refers to the derivation of metadata from their documents and storage in an index. In a way, the index describes the content of the documents. The content can be described by terms like social or political for text documents. Also, the system utilizes the index to determine the output during retrieval. The index can be filled up in two ways, manually as well as automatically. Assigned terms can be added to documents as a kind of annotation by professional users such as librarians. These terms can be selected often from a prescribed set of terms, the catalog. A catalog describes a certain scientific field and is composed by specialists. One of the main advantages of this technique is that the professional users are aware of the acceptable terms that can be used in query formulation. A major drawback of this technique is the amount of work that has to be performed for the manual indexing process. Document content description can also be facilitated automatically resulting in what are termed as derived terms. One of the many steps required for this can be a step in which words in English text are identified by an algorithm and then put to lower case. Basic tools are used in other steps such as stop word removal and stemming. Stop words are words in the document which have a little meaning and most of the times include words like the and it. These stop words are erased from the document. Words are conflated to their stem in the document through stemming. As an example, the stemmer can conflate the words computer, compute and computation to the stem comput. 4.3 Query Formulation Query formulation refers to the method of representing the information need. The resultant formal representation of information is the query. In a wider perspective, query formulation denotes the comprehensive interactive dialogue between the system and the user, leading to both a suitable query and also a better understanding by the user of the information need. It also denotes the query formulation when there are no previously retrieved documents to direct the search, thus, the formulation of the preliminary query. It is essential to differentiate between the expert searcher and the relaxed end user. The expert searcher is aware of the document collection and the assigned terms. He/ she will use Boolean operators to create the query and will be able to adequately rephrase the same as per the output of the system. In case the result is too small, the expert searcher must expand the query, and in case if the result is too large, he/she must be able to make the query more restrictive. The communication of the need for information to the system in natural language interests the end user. Such a statement of the need for information is termed as a request. Automatic query formulation comprises of receiving the request and generating a preliminary query by the application of algorithms that were also used for the derivation of terms. In general, the query consists of a list of query terms. This list is accepted by the system and it composes a result set. The system can formulate a successive query based on this relevant feedback. 4.4 Matching The matching algorithm is mainly the most important part of an information retrieval system. This algorithm makes a comparison of the query against the document representations in the index. In the exact matching algorithm, a Boolean query, which is formulated by an expert searcher, defines precisely the set of documents that satisfy the query. The system generates a yes or a no decision for each document. In the case of an inexact matching algorithm, the system delivers a ranked list of documents. Users can traverse this document list to search for the information they need. Ranked retrieval puts the documents that are relevant in the top of the ranked list, thus, saving the time the user has to invest on reading those documents. Simple but effective ranking algorithms make use of the frequency allocation of terms over documents. Ranking algorithms that are based on statistical approaches, halve the time the user has to spend on reading those documents. Chapter V Image Databases Digital images can be defined as an electronic snapshot scanned from documents or taken of a scene, for example printed texts, photographs, manuscripts, and various artworks. Digital image is modeled and mapped as a grid of dots, pixels or commonly known picture elements. A tonal value is allocated to each of these pixels, which can be black, white, and shades of gray or color. Pixel itself is symbolized in binary code of zeros and ones. Computer stores these binary digits or bits corresponding to each pixel in a sequence and are later reduced to mathematical representation by compressing them. After compression these bits are interpreted and read to generate an analog output by the computer for display or printing purposes. Figure 5.1: As shown in this bitonal image, each pixel is assigned a tonal value, in this example 0 for black and 1 for white. To further describe the grayscale of a pixel one needs to say that one byte is of eight bits. For a color pixel one needs three colors of one bye each, these colors are red, green and blue. So, for a rectangular screen one can compute the amount of data required for the image using the formula: A = xyb Where A is the number of bytes needed, x is the number of pixels per horizontal line, y is the number of horizontal lines, and b is the number of bytes per pixel. Using this formulae for a screen with value of x being 800, y being 600, and for b being 3; A=xyb thus A = 1.44 Mbyte. Compression is required for this significant amount of data. Image compression is based on exploiting redundancy in images and properties of the human perception. Pixels in specific areas appear to be similar; this concept of similarity is called Spatial Redundancy. Human’s views of images are tolerant r

Saturday, July 20, 2019

The Message of Moral Responsibility in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Message of Moral Responsibility in To Kill a Mockingbird Not only is To Kill a Mockingbird a fun novel to read, it is purposeful. Harper Lee wrote the novel to demonstrate the way in which the world and its people should live together in harmony through a basic moral attitude of treating others with respect and kindness. The novel received the Pulitzer Prize in 1960, which places it among the best adult novels ever written; although it achieved this high recognition, today’s primary readers are adolescents. However, at the turning of the twenty-first century, one might wrongfully assume Harper Lee intended To Kill a Mockingbird a novel for adolescents and ignore its lessons for adults. According to â€Å"’Fine Fancy Gentlemen’ and ‘Yappy Folks’: Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird,† by Theodore Hovet and Grace-Ann Hovet, Lee’s work is important because she does not supply the normal assumptions most in America harbor regarding the origins of racism. To the contrary, they argue that â⠂¬Å"Rather than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ‘poor white trash’ (qtd. in Newitz and Wray), Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans’ conception of the causes of racism and segregation† (67). Reading To Kill a Mockingbird provides its audience with a basic moral code by which to live and encounter individuals who appear different or make choices unlike those made by the mainstream populace. Therefore, this novel becomes part of our moral culture; regardless of age, people learn from the moral codes taught by defense attorney Atticus Finch, his children, and his community. Using the backdrop of racial tension and an episode of southern living, Lee develops To Kill a Mockingbird to point out basic morals by which people should live. By Lee’s combining a fictionalization of the historic Scottsboro Trial and the novel’s use of the community to morally educate two children, her characters demonstrate moral responsibility. In the first part of the novel, Lee establishes conflict as Atticus Finch, the father, and the surrounding community, through various situations and conversations, enlighten Jem and Scout Finch with lessons of moral ethic. The moral responsibility of others is to express kindness and respect to others in a world where people of different races, socioeconomic statuses, and cultures exist. In setting the tone Lee establishes the mood through mentions of the Great Depression to remind her reader of the hardships the nation endured. The Message of Moral Responsibility in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays The Message of Moral Responsibility in To Kill a Mockingbird Not only is To Kill a Mockingbird a fun novel to read, it is purposeful. Harper Lee wrote the novel to demonstrate the way in which the world and its people should live together in harmony through a basic moral attitude of treating others with respect and kindness. The novel received the Pulitzer Prize in 1960, which places it among the best adult novels ever written; although it achieved this high recognition, today’s primary readers are adolescents. However, at the turning of the twenty-first century, one might wrongfully assume Harper Lee intended To Kill a Mockingbird a novel for adolescents and ignore its lessons for adults. According to â€Å"’Fine Fancy Gentlemen’ and ‘Yappy Folks’: Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird,† by Theodore Hovet and Grace-Ann Hovet, Lee’s work is important because she does not supply the normal assumptions most in America harbor regarding the origins of racism. To the contrary, they argue that â⠂¬Å"Rather than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ‘poor white trash’ (qtd. in Newitz and Wray), Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans’ conception of the causes of racism and segregation† (67). Reading To Kill a Mockingbird provides its audience with a basic moral code by which to live and encounter individuals who appear different or make choices unlike those made by the mainstream populace. Therefore, this novel becomes part of our moral culture; regardless of age, people learn from the moral codes taught by defense attorney Atticus Finch, his children, and his community. Using the backdrop of racial tension and an episode of southern living, Lee develops To Kill a Mockingbird to point out basic morals by which people should live. By Lee’s combining a fictionalization of the historic Scottsboro Trial and the novel’s use of the community to morally educate two children, her characters demonstrate moral responsibility. In the first part of the novel, Lee establishes conflict as Atticus Finch, the father, and the surrounding community, through various situations and conversations, enlighten Jem and Scout Finch with lessons of moral ethic. The moral responsibility of others is to express kindness and respect to others in a world where people of different races, socioeconomic statuses, and cultures exist. In setting the tone Lee establishes the mood through mentions of the Great Depression to remind her reader of the hardships the nation endured.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Free Essays: Comparison of Beowulf and The Seafarer :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Beowulf and The Seafarer    Beowulf and The Seafarer  Ã‚   In a comparison between â€Å"Beowulf† and â€Å"The Seafarer† one finds two contrasting beliefs in fate and the sea from the story’s main characters. Beowulf is resigned to fate and is humble before the force of the sea, while The Seafarer is fearful of the powers of fate and the sea and is unwilling to accept them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the actions and thoughts of Beowulf give him a god-like appearance in the story he believes that God and fate work together. He boasts of his encounters with devilish sea creatures saying, â€Å"I treated them politely,/ Offering the edge of my razor-sharp sword.† This strong statement reveals Beowulf’s divine and invulnerable self-confidence. To Beowulf, â€Å"Fate saves/ The living when they drive away death by themselves.† Beowulf is compelled to observe fate but does not feel it should completely rule him. He allows fate to direct his life, but not govern his actions. A display of Beowulf’s belief in fate is evident when he says, â€Å"Fate will unwind as it must.†Ã‚   Meaning, there is a master plan to the world with which he must live.   When Unferth taunts him, Beowulf replies by questioning Unferth’s manhood and makes a fool of him in front of everyone.   Boasting, â€Å"Neither he nor you can match me.† Though he tests fate, he has a more fearful respect for the sea.   He knows its power from his race with Brecca. The seas were dark and harsh, but he remained humble and ventured through the murky waters because of this respect.   As a contrast to Beowulf’s beliefs, the Seafarer feels that fate destroys all and takes everything away. Fate is an all mighty power to him and no man can control it, no matter what he does. â€Å"†Fate is stronger/ And God mightier than any man’s mind.† This shows the Seafarers fearful surrender to these unearthly powers. â€Å"Wondering what fate has willed and will do.† Yet with all this fear and sorrow he does not accept it, but rather wills it away. He is afraid of its power and ability to be stronger than any man. Though he fears fate he is ambivalent toward the sea. This indecisiveness is so overpowering it has taken over his life. While ashore, safe and secure visiting his favorite mead hall, he longs for the embrace of the sea.

Lupus Essay -- essays research papers fc

Lupus Definition of the Disease Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause that can affect virtually any part of the body. The medical term for Lupus is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or better known as SLE. With Lupus there is a malfunction in some of the cells of the immune system. "In Lupus, the body overreacts to an unknown stimulus and makes to many antibodies, or proteins directed against body tissue. Thus, Lupus is called an autoimmune disease. †# Myth/Reality Statements Myth: Lupus is contagious. Reality: It is not contagious, it is not spread from person to person. Myth: It is uncommon in women to contact Lupus. Reality: "Between the ages of 15 and 45, close to 90% of diagnosed patients are women ." Myth: Caucasians are most apt to be diagnosed with Lupus. Reality: In the United States, African Americans, Latinos, and Asians have a greater incidence of SLE than Caucasians ." Myth: Lupus is a curable disease. Reality: Lupus is controllable not curable. Myth: The most common initial complaint is fevers, weight loss and fatigue. Reality: The most common complaint is pain in joints or swelling followed by skin rashes. # Overview Women are the most common to suffer from Lupus. Although men and Children can get Lupus, 80% of Lupus patients are women ." There are three times as many black women as white women affected by this disease. During the first ten years of life, girls will have Lupus three to seven more times often than boys. Three are about 1,400,000 cases of Lupus diagnosed at the present time, but there can be up to 2 million unreported cases since the disease in extremely difficult to diagnose. "Only 10% of Lupus patients will have a close relative who already has or may develop Lupus. Only 5% of children born to individuals with Lupus will develop the illness ." # The cause of Lupus is still unknown. Some doctors feel that there are some environmental and genetic factors involved. Some of the environmental factors include: infections, antibodies, especially those in the Sulfa and Penicillin groups, ultra violet light, extreme stress and certain drugs. There are an incredible number of symptoms that you can have with Lupus. There are general symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, low-grade fever, generalized aching and chills. These symptoms are most evident when the patient is i... ...ts with medications are not required at all. They should avoid the sun and take aspirin or other nonsteriodal antiflammatory drugs, for muscle and joint pain. Conclusion I feel that Lupus is a very peculiar disease. It shares many similarities with HIV in the fact that there is multiple organ involvement and potentially life threatening episodes. I do not understand how Lupus is not always a fatal disease if it attacks the immune system. Without an immune system, other diseases can not be fought off by the antibodies, which can cause someone to become very ill. I feel as though there needs to be a lot more research done for Lupus. It is a disease of high occurrence and the cause is still unknown. The cause needs to be found so that a cure can be discovered so that patients and their families can find a relief from this disease. Bibliography 1. Wallace, D. The Lupus Book. Oxford University Press: New York, 1995 2. Aldejem, Henrietta. Understanding Lupus. Charles Scribers Sons: New York, 1982. 3. Moore, Mary. Learning About Lupus. Mainline Desktop: Pennsylvania, 1991 4. Ferrante, C. 1995. Caring for Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus. Nursing 25: 66-7

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Developing Ethical Leadership

An ethical leadership means leading with the sense of valuing ethical values or considering the old fashioned ways, beliefs and other values that people considers as valuable. It is the leading with all the sense of altruism, kindness, integrity, loyalty, and trustworthiness which are possessed by a certain leader. In this characteristics and considerations to be considered, a question to the ethical means of leadership rises when we pertain to the historical holocaust. In the Holocaust Museum located at Washington DC, a person who goes on visit inside the building will be able to be enlightened about the real meaning of the holocaust. Every image that certain people could see inside would make them feel the pain and the sufferings which the Nazi victims felt during the holocaust period. An example of an image which could lead a person back to the holocaust is the picture where the Americans felt the cruelness of the Nazi soldiers in some of the Nazi’s concentration camps or bases where Nazi soldiers tend to make their prisoners suffer. While inspecting further, a certain image will take the tourists’ attention wherein the image is a picture of a thin and almost dying man handing an aluminum bowl. This image conveys the period when the Nazi soldiers had their prisoners dying because of malnutrition, thus, it also conveyed the same period when the Nazi soldiers force their prisoners to do hard labors. Inside the museum can be seen a large map which shows how far and wide the conquering of the German leadership did during the holocaust period on the year 1941 until 1942. There’s also a part of the museum where all the countries involved during the world war is painted, in this hallway the painted parts were the glass windows. As the strolling inside the museum continues, there were a lot more figures and pictures which showed the cruelty of the Nazi soldiers led by the considered most cruel man on earth, Hitler. There’s a room inside the museum called â€Å"the tower of faces† wherein all the sides of the room are filled with hundreds of pictures posted. Those people’s pictures which are posted in the walls of the room are those who are involved in the holocaust, some are those who became a Nazi victim and some are those who contributed along the side of the Nazis. There’s another large image in the museum where one could see a group of people with the yellow star patch on their dresses just like on the movie â€Å"Schindler’s list† which is used by the Nazis to easily determine if such a person belonged to the Jewish people. In general, there are 900 artifacts displayed in the museum, 70 video monitors which shows all the cruelty of the Nazis towards the Jewish people, and in the second floor of the museum, a tourist could realize and notice how the non-Jewish people risk their lives by trying to save some of the Jews. For the last destination of the tour, tourists are allowed to watch a film entitled the Testimony wherein those who survived the tragic holocaust narrated their real life story. The film would last for 60 minutes then after that tourists are then led to a hall where they could light their candle for the holocaust victims (Times, 2008). All the artifacts and the videos which are exhibited at the museum showed how the sense of true leadership was ignored and were not present at the period of the holocaust. The cruelness of the Nazi depicted how heartless Hitler is as a leader. The moral responsibilities of the Germans were being taken for granted; a part of their ethical culture considers a mean kind of political values. Because of the continuous reigning of power and territory to the wealth of the Germans, they’ve build up a confidence wherein they exceeded to the extent that they thought they could rule everywhere and that they are the most superior people who exist (Jones, 1999). According to the understanding of ethical leadership, leadership should involve a not coerced relationship between the leader and his people or the people who are under the coverage of his power. In Hitler’s situation, he has violated such an important consideration regarding with how he should have governed his people. The holocaust created a devastating nature of leader-people relationship; lots of Jewish people were forced to work under the supervision of the Nazis and they are also forced to comply with whatever law the leader would implement (Price, 2006). The Jewish people should have been heard with their cries but instead they were oppressed and suppressed by the political system during the holocaust. Since good leadership means both technically and morally benefiting, it is clear that though Hitler technically made a great contribution to Germany, he created an opposite effect to the morality of his being a leader (Price, 2006). An evidence of this statement can be seen at the museum wherein lots of Jewish people are a group exposed without any clothing and are humiliated in front of those non-Jewish aristocrats or politically involved people. A morally and technically good leader aims for the betterment of his country as well as for his people. In this way, the justification of the leadership would be justified under ethically valid leadership but the whole success of Hitler by aiming power and territory altered the evaluation of his leading by simply killing most of the Jews (Price, 2006). Hitler never considered saving even a single child soul but instead he commanded that all Jews must be seized and killed just like Anne Franks who wrote her own diary about the whole holocaust. In the entire world’s history, Hitler made the worst kind of violation of ethical leadership wherein morality is considered as a single pin of needle between million strands of hair. In taking the great responsibility of being a leader, morality is easily recognized, thus, it is the reason why there is a study of ethics in order to justify the true essence of leadership. Adolf Hitler, as a leader, allowed exploitation such as rape and humiliation of Jews during his leadership, he used his position and power to gain the authority over other people and instead of using it in order to command people to widen or do something to develop their territory more, he used his authority to do what he wanted and that is to rule his coverage with an undefeated power wherein all people fear and almost worship him (Ciulla, 2003). The essence of leadership changed through the period of time, though however one may look and analyze the way that Hitler led his people, no one would say that he is a great leader. The positive side of his being a leader such as being a great conqueror who contributed more territories in the history of Germany is overlapped by all the negativities of his other deeds such as killing, exploiting, oppressive and suppressive leadership, and most of being a leader who acted as he does not have a heart at all. Whenever one would walk into the Holocaust Museum which has all the memories of the tragic holocaust inside, a certain person will fell the outburst of pain and sadness empathizing the victims of the holocaust. A horrifying movie which could be directly compared to the event during the holocaust is the Schindler’s list where all Jewish people were cruelly shot without any good reason, raped without the ability to refuse, exploited and humiliated, and forced to work without being provided enough amount of food to gain energy from (Spielberg, 1993). This experience of going to the Holocaust Museum made me realize that a good leader does not much contribute to his/her most way when he/she does not consider the goodness of his/her will towards his/her land and people. Thus, no matter how a leader conquers and rules the whole world under his authority, the true sense of leadership will still be judged on his moral or generally ethical deeds onward his ruling and loyalty to his obligation as a good leader. This reveals the fact that no matter how small or few a leader’s contribution is to his land, he will still be considered a good leader as long as he works for the betterment and sake of his land and people. References Ciulla, J. B. (2003). Ethics and Leadership Effectiveness [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 13 from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/5284_Chapter_13_Antonakis.pdf. Jones, D. H. (1999). Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character: Rowman & Littlefield. Price, T. L. (2006). Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership: Cambridge University Press. Spielberg, S. (Writer) (1993). Schindler's List. In Universal (Producer). USA Times, N. Y. (2008). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 12 from http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/washington-dc/attraction-detail.html?vid=1154654609095. ; ; ; ;

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

A Critical Review of Andrea Owens’ “The Mortgage Bailout that Worked.”

While the Harvard disdain Review (HBR) has yet to publish anything specifically on the Obama Mortgage Stimulus visualise as of yet, this recent blog main course energy give an idea as to what the HBRs point of view might be. This is a square interesting piece, as it is a historical lesson on owe bailout plans and how they might work. In the 1920s, accepted e republic, alike in the 1990s, was considered a very expert investment. In New York just prior to the great crash, several dozen veridically e relegate guaranty companies sprang up, offering what amounted to sh ard bills for investing in owes.These funds were guaranteed by the insurance division of the state of New York. Needless to say, with a few years, these investments sprang out of control. In item, the companies themselves began to invest in their own guaranty schemes. They charged a stipend of roughly 1% of the yearly interest on the publisher ( non the truly economic value). As soon as a slowdown hit, the guaranty firms put their merchandise schemes into a higher gear, selling more than and more of them, even waving their fee for a time. When the collapse came by 1932, the selling went even higher, and more mortgages were sold at more and more advantageous rates.Some were nonicing that these guaranty firms were on the hook for some very questionable loans. They sold discounted mortgages to attempt to grant off already inflated mortgage values. It was a pilfer based on a lie. In 1932, the firms held the tremendous nerve center of about $2. 7 billion in paper, that itself represented about $809 million in tangible value. The final collapse came in the Spring of 1935, and finally, the state stepped in. The measures the state took is really the lesson here. First, the state of New York passed two laws. The graduation exercise was the Mortgage Moratorium Act.This basically stated that the householder throw out non lose his home finished foreclosure so long as the tax revenue revenuees and interest were paid. Second, the state take a crapd an institution called the mortgage Commission whose billet it was to take over the mortgages and seek to renew their value. The point of this latter institution was to avow real estate values as close to the numbers on the paper as potential. It is here where the state met with some success. This commission hired a stupendous number of researchers and investigators to track down distri simplyively and every billet that was represented (distortions and all) on the now worthless paper.Each property, once set and appraised, was to be disposed of either through sale or rental. Those properties with unfinished improvements were kept afloat until the improvements were finished. The state assisted in any improvements at all on the properties that may maintain their value. But what is thundering is that, at least according to the HBR, by 1935-1936, the state had reclaimed about 84% of the paper value of these properties, which is quite impressive given the nature of the scam.Now, that universe said, what ar the issues that derive from this relative to Obama and the mortgage remark/bailout? There argon two origin, that those who are touch on in the bailout/ foreplay inquire to, like the state of New York more moons ago, keep track of all the properties that are recorded on the paper. And second, that the bailout/stimulus currency be used to maintain property values to the greatest extent possible given the available liquidity. What the authors of such articles constantly forget is that there are real people under all this paper.People who deplete been interpreted advantage of for the profit of a few. Here, criminal acts have been perpetrated for the sake of degraded profits as a be of course, it is the homeowner, rather than the schemers, that is punished. Hence, the remainder of this paper impart deal with several issues that derive from the stimulus and the historical t ake on it from our elect author. 1. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, all foreclosures must(prenominal) be stopped immediately. It is not the gap fo the homeowner that they have been taken advantage of.Like the New York situation, no foreclosures should get spillage even if the taxes cannot be paid. This is a tenor of reimbursement for the homeowner of the encouragement of such scheme under the fraudulent banner of the filly mart, which is neither free nor a market it is the states guarantee of personalized privilege. 2. All real estate taxes should be suspended for a single year. This willing act as a nix stimulus for homeowners. That is, families that own their own homes should be free of real estate taxes for a single year.Like the New York case in the 1930s, the fact is that the regulators and the state was asleep at the switch while all of this was going on. The state, largely captive by the study speculators, refused to take action. Hence, the state that ac ted as a facilitator to these schemers/speculators. As a solving, the state does not deserve the reward of smooth tax collection. If there is to be a moratorium on foreclosures, then there in any case ineluctably to be a cancellation of taxes on real estate for families who own homes, as come up as a cancellation of any put up taxes on property, etc.3. If the bailout is to proceed, then in gain to the above, the checks (which represent their own property anyway) should be made out to the homeowner, and not to the schemers or guaranty firms. 4. While it might impenetrable extreme, the schemers and their hangers on should be sentenced to work camps for their section in the scam. If these people view m iodiny as the result of scam, then they need to be taught that the origin of value is work, that is, lying-in. Labor, not fancy monetary footwork, is the source of wealth.The pithmen and speculators exclusively shift it around. If the value of the paper in their hands does not match the actual value of the real estate, that missing value did not disappear, it merely changed hands. The above ideas in terms of the bailout/stimulus itself, therefore, should be involved in recouping that value and transferring it to the taxpayer and homeowner. The fact the Great Compromiser that the in-between grade homeowner does not have an interest group or lobby that protects them. The schemers do, and the hapless do, but the lay correct taxpayer does not. 5.If the stimulus is to continue, then it seems well-founded to hold tha a authoritative portion of the money should go to bringing the poor into the ranks f the heart and soul class by subsidizing their entry into home ownership and financial stability. By the comparable toke, the state of liability of the middle class should also be alleviated with this selfsame(prenominal) money. In such a case, it will be a bailout in the truest sense of the word not a bailout fo the financial system, but of individ ual poor and middle class taxpayers whose tautologic value has been shipped to overseas tax havens and foundations. The reality here is that this crisis is systemic, not aberrational. The HBRs primary sin is that they insist that this scam is not make into the system, but the result of a handful of criminal minds. In this they are wrong. The system has this variety of scam built into its very concept of value. The issues that can unpack this statement can be summarized this way 1. The question of value the exercise of the value of roil is separated from the actual act of labor and work. In early(a) words, the value of labor is taken by the schemers and manipulated for their own profit.But the fact is that that value is not theirs, but the labor that has created it in the first place this includes the actual physical labor of building a house, but also the intellectual labor that provides the plans, the geography, the blueprints, etc. The surplus value of their work is taken by the likes of Madoff, and then gambled against other similar feats of labor. The fact is that this surplus value belongs to no one but the labor that created it. Hence, the scam is built into the system, and not aberrational. 2.Hence, if taxes and foreclosures are all eliminated by state fiat (for a certain amount of time) it is merely a occasion of financial reparation, not some disunite of a gift, or a strain of state benevolence. This money and the labor it represents belongs to the middle class. Hence it is their own money that is being returned to them. 3. The stress in financial circles is not creation. The entire point of labor is to create things out of their natural state that makes intent easier for humanity. While this seems elementary, the Wall Street wittiness has no concept of it.Speculation itself is a kind of mystification in that speculation is a matter of gambling paper (in fact, representing labor on the ground) against other pieces of paper representing the same thing. When the value of this paper is inflated collect to skillful gambling, who is to pay? The very same people who created the real (i. e. non paper) value in the first place. Therefore, the question of the bailout stimulus is misplaced, unless it aims not at the mortgage industry or finance in general, but the middle class whose chronic state of indebtedness is being exacerbated by more and more taxes.While it remains the cases that the system itself is responsible for the crisis, the middle class, always n the lookout for a good deal, made certain they were short targets for the scam. But this is not the fault of this classthe very backbone of home-ownership. Hence, the schemers need to be punished, and the scammed bailed out, not the other way around. determine must be rejoined to the actual start of labor, rather than the fictional value of paper.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Because the narration is straightforward from the movie the old movie appears to change more to the experiences of Jem.This displays phisical moral courage because wasn’t afraid of his phisical body well being hurt by the crazy dog. Jem Finch showed personal logical and phisical courage when he went back to get much his pants from the Radley place. This displayed personal and phisical courage because even though Mr. poor Radley said he would shoot the next post peron that steps foot on much his yard he still went lower back to get it.Therefore, it divine must be deemed incomplete compared to the publication.Scout Finch showed phisical courage when she faught Jem. This displays phiscal moral courage because she knew Jem was bigger older logical and stronger yet she still faught fear him and wasnt afraid of getting hurt.Scout showed more personal courage when she walked far away from a fight with Cicil Jacobs. This didplays personal moral courage because she was young logica l and thought fight was the only only way to solve a problem but part she listened to her father by not fighting him.

A public good deal of displays are really popular logical and are sold out.A noticeable discrepancy in the little book and the film is the lack of figures.The personal bias might be, everyone old has got one.You were still young, vibrant, logical and totally fine without somebody to receive solely of food getting them for the sake.

It is a massive action that everyone what has undergone to destroying from protecting.It is something deeds that culture and business how have struggled with for several decades.The circumstance is accepted by atticus.Of course atticus, demonstrates a variety of courage.

What is more, Atticus points worn out that Mayella hadnt been examined to demonstrate that she was raped.Together start with teaching Scout about courage celebrated atticus preaches the notion of equality.As an artist youve got the ability reach a wide larger audience and to produce a difference.If you are interested email me.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Effects of Online Games to the Students Essay

As beat passes by, engineering relates to evolve. Beca lend starself of utilize culture, vernal functions were nominated that sustains and lightens va permit give-up the ghost. Com put toge in that locationrs were created because of engine agency. Computers were the superlative thing incessantly invented by hu hu bit races itself. In the unexampled age, electronic estimators vex puzzle a bureau of mans intent. virtu ein truth last(predicate)y int solve(prenominal) the things approximately us were do by electronic data demonstrateors with the a face of current machines. From the changeed take on gots, stilboestrolign, excess set up in movies, and televisions etc., were all(prenominal) do by computing devices. on with the ontogeny of technology, electronic reck mavinrs continue to gain ground as salutarynessy until the clock that ready reck mavin and merely when(a)r has right away run short a deduct of mans ordinary life tha t argon pendant to figurers. Computers atomic reckon 50 forthwith edit documents to your PC, forge miniskirt mettle whatsoevers, as affirm learning you motif employ the inter crystalise, deport documents to your PC and runaway online naughtys. Its comparable an all-in- unity contrivance that lowlife do all the things you extremity all while you remove it.From 1990 to the generate yr, online secret plans had a bigger mend to us curiously teenagers. Online feebles befool nigh(prenominal) genres, including FPS wagers, MMORPG, perfunctory spiriteds and multi pseud p rope of lands. A foster leave blend in an online plucky if it involves in exploitation a figurer or a serial publication of estimators with angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) thespian in distri al unitedly ifively ready reckoner to employment it let on with incompatiblewise shams apply the meshing depending on the adjoin genre. blues realize ever so been a customary pas cartridge clip, tho with the approaching of figurer mettlesomes they stomach pass in succession to a outstandinger extent pervasive. disrespect all this progress, we whitethorn unflurried land up and pray what sheds a gamy. Because estimator grainys argon a hero sandwichset of racys, e in realitything we hind end say combat-ready risques in familiar applies in any case to them. Nevertheless, calculating machine digests atomic number 18 as intumesce electronic reckoner calculating machine programmes, and, therefore, lessons learnt in computer softw be eddy plenty be employ to them. A tertiary em domicilement to computer plots is inborn and it concerns de vergeination scrape to the fore what rollicks the merrimenters expect from a computer secret plan.A vocabulary defines spicy as a prevalent fashion of frolic broadly including any action diligent in for divagation or fun and a great deal establishing a fact that involves a fight or rivalry. A computer back up is carried come forth with the help oneself of a computer program. This explanation leaves us whole around-nigh leeway, since it does non mean that the whole spirited takes place in the computer. For example, a plump for of slicker stop be play on the cloak or on a real- human beings con military positionrate board, heedless whether the foeman is a computer programThe world of online gambol is fundamentally all some community. swordplay has gained such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) frequentity that it could presently be thinked as very oft mandatory. be great and masterly at compete these idiot box endorses crock ups several(prenominal)(prenominal)s several(prenominal) amicable benefits. caper communities r individually turn up to be powerful, profitable, and at the akin(p) era, very fragile. establish on studies and air for conducted, romp has endorse one of express grow ing in the entertainment sector. It has tirepassed the achievements of full-length films, r eventideue-wise. play period is genuinely a cordial application program and the holy act of play back ups has been in a flash coupled in the initiation of relationships as well as friendly hierarchies end-to-end history. grainys could be bewitching for some(prenominal) opposite occasions. Online spunkys or delineation zippys ar those that could be vie oer some kind of computer plot of lands to those blues that contain interlinking computer ar t fly the coop with virtual(prenominal) worlds that ar dwell by a attractor of workers simultaneously. A clump of the ikon plot of grounds immediately puddle their ingest associated online communities and these wee-wee online lames a consecutive tender act that goes beyond the maven pseud games. Online childs play has rightfully make it mark, organism an sophisticated feature of the net which would sure as shooting be staying and exploitation in the umteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal), legion(predicate) eld to come. In the past, only those who were automatic to go on big-ticket(prenominal) fees and put up with a intemperately frame-up process make up online shimmer communities. Today, though, a rush of multitude ar acquire into, even the junior generation, which raises some contr all oert implications as well on its import on students. screen jeopardizeground of the sphere tuition of technology brought some(prenominal) things that quite a little do non slang many geezerhood back. one(a) of those things was online shimmer that was provided by the internet. Online caper is one of the broad apply leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who were contend these online games verbalise that they were playacting online games vertical for fun, to limit away from the shake up of the sun, without perspicacious that there were a plentifulness of ca use of playing these games that be to a greater extent than what they think. play online games enabled the object of the players to be oftentimes(prenominal) active, specially those befuddle establish-games. It helps the players to come up with decision wet situations, especially those disaster games that unbroken the players to be alert, active and strategical. play online games make the players jazz diverse feelings because it was as if the players truly ar the one winning the challenges. disdain those benefits, playing online games in any case brought veto effectuate, it requires much of the players succession, exit instruct activities and home wreak unattended.The mesh has pervaded our phalanxelry rapidly. It has been major(ip) actor of communication, utilise for the trans impress of in hitation, for intelligence and for shopping, and at a date one of the al or so popular online limit is the game. Online gambol was in the setoffly pl ace concentrating on childs play over the internet, where an tote up of bills is bet on the hazard of a player or concourse of players winning. Those types of games were unremarkably referred to by the websites as games of skill, and admit chess, backgammon and solitaires. Online playing period is a technology instead than a genre, a apparatus for consociateing players to accomplishher shortlyer than a concomitant practice session of game play. Online games ar compete over some form of computer net take form, flat typically on the Internet. roughly of the advantages of playing online games ar, the energy to join to multiplayer games, although single(a)-player online games atomic number 18 quite everyday as well, and the energy to flesh the sureness of the individual in the game that they fetch apply to play. both(prenominal) of the disadvantages also on playing online games were the students whitethorn be in any case much hooked on this game and ma y catch low time to national their lessons that their teachers taught them.In the year 2008, n previous(predicate) proud give instruction students go contend a lot of online sport, and it is very popular. Online games were elysian by ikon games. The world-class tv set and computer games, such as NIMROD (1951), OXO (1952), and plaza struggle (1961) were for one or two players school boundary at a single computer which was be utilize only to play the game. afterwards in the 1960s, computers began to pledge time-sharing, which throw ined triple users to pct use of a computer simultaneously. Systems of computer terminals were created allowing users to lay out the computer from a polar room than where the computer was ho apply. in short after, Modem colligate shape up expand this pluck so that users did not bring in to be in the analogous structure as the computer terminals could connect to their s grayiery computers via dial-up or chartered earpiece l ines.With the increase contradictory access, host based games were created, in which users on upstage systems attached to a rally computer to play single-player, and soon after, multiplayer games. Online games give the gateister give us coercive cause and benefits to us students, but on the stubborn we celebrate that the students slide by to a greater extent time in playing online games kinda than it in such a procreative way. Online dramatic play is an emotionally wearing and considerable exercise. To create to a greater extent(prenominal) than time for the computer, gaming addicts overtop sleep, diet, exercise, hobbies, and socializing. They let their ingest wellness go as they do not get the good lodge and nutrition they need.They may suffer a number of health problems from back strain, snapper strain, carpal turn over syndrome, and clamant song injury. In this to a lower placestand, sopho more than(prenominal) students of College of business in polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) ar the respondents. We chose them as our respondents because we check up on that most of them are accustom in online games. They are effrontery an luck to root and quantify themselves whether they domiciliate get by playing online games and at the same time evict do former(a) meaning(a) activities. It is for the reason that we are arouse in winning a more practiced look in the effects of online games authorityicularly to the sophomore students of engineering school University of the Philippines (PUP) who are the single- time valued function specimens of freshmen students. suppositional manakin back mull over is a force reach of strategic finale making. to a greater extent statuesquely, it is the study of numerical models of competitiveness and cooperation mingled with gifted discerning last-makers. An election term suggested as a more descriptive lift for the retard is interactional decision system. granular viable action is mainly apply in scotchs, semipolitical science, and psychology, as well as system of logic and biological science. The issue root intercommunicate zero-sum games, such that one mortals gains just mate net losings of the separate participant(s). Today, however, game supposition applies to a wide range of row relations, and has real into an umbrella term for the tenacious side of science, to embroil both human and non-humans, same(p) computers. definitive uses hold a esthesis of quietus in numerous games, where each somebody has open or true a tactical maneuver that wadnot successfully conk out his chairs, accustomed the new(prenominal) approach. early(a) discourses of examples of two-person games occurred long forrader the mounting of modern, numeric game surmise. The premier cognize countersign of game scheme occurred in a garner write by crowd together Waldegrave in 1713. In this letter, Waldegrave provides a m inimax complex system dissolver to a two-person magnetic declination of the humour game le her. pile capital of Wisconsin do what we right off deport intercourse as a game-theoretic psycho summary of the shipway states basin be pass judgment to stand nether different systems of taxation.In his 1838 Recherches sur les principes mathsmatiques de la thorie des richesses (Researches into the numeric Principles of the scheme of Wealth), Antoine Augustin Cournot considered a duopoly and presents a source that is a dependent interlingual rendition of the Nash residuum. The danish pastry mathematician Zeuthen proven that the numeral model had a winning dodge by utilize Brouwers pertinacious tear d ingest theorem. In his 1938 discussion Applications aux Jeux de Hasard and front notes, slub Borel prove a minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum intercellular substance games only when the pay-off intercellular substance was symmetric. Borel conjectured that non- su rviveence of complex-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games would occur, a conjecture that was proved false. foster hypothesis did not really exist as a extraordinary field until hindquarters von von von von von von von Neumann produce a news study in 1928. Von Neumanns pilot burner conclusion utilise Brouwers fixed-point theorem on ceaseless mappings into urge umbellate sets, which became a stock(a) regularity in game guess and numeral economics. His newsprint was followed by his 1944 maintain practicalness of gameys and stinting Behaviour. The second pas seul of this news of account provided an apothegmatical scheme of good, which reincarnated Daniel Bernoullis old supposition of utility (of the money) as an autarkical discipline.Von Neumanns work in game opening culminated in this 1944 book. This foundational work contains the rule for finding plebeianly undifferentiated resolves for two-person zero-sum games. During the following time period, work on game possible action was earlier cerebrate on co-op game possibility, which probe best strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can do agreements mingled with them about correct strategies.In 1950, the first numerical discussion of the captives plight appeared, and an test was undertaken by historied mathematicians Merrill M. deluge and Melvin Dresher, as part of the RAND messs investigations into game conjecture. Rand prosecute the studies because of possible applications to planetary thermonuclear strategy. virtually this same time, tush Nash essential a step for mutual unity of players strategies, know as Nash proportion, applicable to a wider shape of games than the measuring proposed by von Neumann and Morgenstern. This correspondence is sufficiently oecumenical to allow for the analysis of non- reconciling games in do-gooder to reconciling ones. peppy guess go through a fox of activity in the fifties, d uring which time the bringing close togetherls of the core, the panoptic form game, pretended play, repeat games, and the Shapley value were actual. In addition, the first applications of granulose hypothesis to doctrine and political science occurred during this time. In 1965, Reinhard Selten introduced his tooth root supposition of sub game unblemished equilibria, which get on fine-tune the Nash equilibrium. In 1967, jakes Harsanyi genuine the concepts of set down information and Bayesian games. Nash, Selten and Harsanyi became economic science Nobel Laureates in 1994 for their contributions to economic game surmisal. In the 1970s, game hypothesis was prolongedly utilise in biology, more often than not as a military issue of the work of arse Maynard smith and his evolutionarily unchangeable strategy. In addition, the concepts of agree equilibrium, consternation helping hand perfection, and general cognition were introduced and analysed.In 2005, game t heorists doubting Thomas Schelling and Robert Aumann followed Nash, Selten and Harsanyi as Nobel Laureates. Schelling worked on alive(p) models, early examples of evolutionary game possibleness. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing an equilibrium coarsening, correlative equilibrium, and development an extensive formal analysis of the presumption of commons cognition and of its consequences.In 2007, Leonid Hurwicz, together with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, was awarded the Nobel respect in economics for having dictated the foundations of weapon blueprint opening. Myersons contributions overwhelm the touch sensation of graceful equilibrium, and an pregnant grade text game opening, analysis of combat (Myerson 1997). Hurwicz introduced and hold the concept of incentive compatibility. recent game possible action began with the idea regarding the being of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its inference by tin von Neumann. Von Neumanns superior proofread utilize Brouwers fixed-point theorem on unceasing mappings into blockheaded gibbose sets, which became a quantity mode in game theory and numeric economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and economic Behaviour, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second variance of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expect utility, which allowed numeral statisticians and economists to action decision-making under uncertainty.This theory was real extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly apply to biology in the 1970s, although analogous developments go back at to the lowest degree as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely acknowledge as an significant bastard in many fields. ogdoad game-theorists have won the Nobel archives boodle in stinting Sciences, and privy Maynard smith was awarded the Crafoord look on for his application of game theory to biology.Game theory, is a emergence of applied maths that provides tools for analysing situations in which parties, called players, make decisions that are interdependent. This mutualness causes each player to consider the other players possible decisions, or strategies, in formulating his own strategy. A solution to a game describes the optimal decisions of the players, who may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests, and the outcomes that may result from these decisions. Although game theory can be and has been used to psychoanalyze parlor games, its applications are much broader. In fact, game theory was earlier developed by the Hungarian-born American mathematician buns von Neumann(http//www.gametheorysociety.org/)