Bigger, Faster, Stronger Essay Example for Free

Bigger, Faster, Stronger EssayChris Bell who came from an everyplaceweight family narrated this film. Chris did not want to be equivalent his father when he was younger instead he treasured to be like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Chris older brother would beat up kids who made fun of him so he was nicknamed unbalanced firedog. His younger brother hated school and had a learning disability. His younger brother was nicknamed Smelly. Chris and his brothers would wrestle in their basement. Mad Dog had start out football captain at his school, while Smelly and Chris began participating in body building competitions. Chris was the strongest kid in his high school and held the New York record. Chris had started to spring up accused of using steroids. By his senior stratum he was one of the strongest kids in the country. He act asd to California and skilled at the gym that Arnold Schwarzenegger trained at. All he accomplished with moving was landing a job at Golds Gym selling member ships. It was said that some move to California and live out of their cars to lift at Golds Gym. Chris was always against steroids, so when he found out that all his heroes had used them he was very bothered.Chris older brother, Mad Dog, stated using steroids while playing football at University of Cincinnati. Shortly after he quit college to pursue some other dream of his which was professional wrestling. Mad Dog was the guy who got paid to make other wrestlers look good by getting beat up. Mad Dog was told he would get a contract, but never did. Mad Dog started doing drugs in addition to steroids. He said he would rather be wild than average and later attempted to commit suicide. Smelly also followed Mad Dog and took steroids.He also pursued his wrestling dream, but unlike Mad Dog he had a wife to consider. After having a son, Smelly realized that wrestling was not the life he wanted. Smelly and his wife settled down in the suburbs and opened a gym. But even after quitting wres tling the steroid usage did not stop. Chris could not understand why he was so against steroid usage, but his brothers were not. It is said that many of the baseball players were using steroids and baseball players because of this went from being scrawny to looking like wrestlers.In 2005 Congress spend 151 days in session and 8 of those they spent debating the use of steroids. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anabolic steroids kills 3 people a year and is 142 in top killers. Steroids are synthetic versions of hormones that your body produces naturally. Some side do of steroids are acne, hair growth, and reduced sperm count. Some side effects in women are deepened voice, menstrual problem, and enlarged clitoris. Some of these side effects are not reversible. Testosterone tells the body to increase muscle size and strength and helps you restore from workouts faster.For kids some experts think steroids can stunt their growth, but it is not proven. No one h as ever done studies on long-term effects of steroids. Congress wanted to pass a law that would control steroids like cocaine and heroin. In 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act. This video has not changed my opinion on steroids. My thought on steroids before watching this video was that it should only be used for medical reasons. I consider those who use steroids to gain an advantage over others in professional sports as cheaters. This video, however, did introduce me to many other types of people who use steroids such as pilots, porn stars, and musicians.

Morphology Is a Valid Strategy for High School Students Essay Example for Free

Morphology Is a Valid Strategy for High School Students EssayTheoretical ExplanationMany researchers suck professionalposed that teaching students backchat root unlocks the meanings of unknown haggling. The majority of actors line in the English language have origins from classic and Latin. Ninety percent of English words over one syll satisfactory are Latin based, and the remaining 10 percent are Greek based (Rasinski, Padak, Newton, Newton, (2008, p. 11). Just as phonics teaches word families, Greek and Latin roots will help students sound out words and determine the meanings of words (Padak, Newton, Rasinski, and Newton (2008, p. 29). Nagy Anderson, 1984, found morphology played an important role in learning vocabulary by allowing students to make semantic connections between related word families. They concluded, The ability to utilize morphological relatedness among words puts a student at a distinct advantage in dealing with unfamiliar words (p.323). While resear ch supports the teaching of word roots, no formalized instruction in roots exists at my high school day.Purpose of my studyStudents contract vocabulary deciphering strategies in high school. Morphology is a valid strategy for high school students to improve vocabulary. Studies also array an increase in reading comprehension and spell out.Third through sixth grade students performed better on reading and spelling with morphophonemic training than with just training in phonics (Henry 1988, 1989, 1993).In the study, Contributions of Morphology Beyond Phonology to Literacy Outcomes of Upper Elementary and Middle-School Students, Nagy, Abbott, andBerninger (2006) found Results showed that when the shared variance among morphological awareness, phonological working memory, and phonological decoding are controlled statistically, morphological awareness contributes at all grade levels to reading comprehension, reading vocabulary, and spelling (p. 143).Corson, a British sociologist, even suggests that it is differences in language ability, more than any other observable factor, that affects childrens potential for success in school. He makes the point that learning the Latin and Greek word roots allows children to begin learning the specialist words in contrast to the Anglo-Saxon performance vocabulary. He suggests that some social groups do non learn these special words in their natural environment. (1985, p.28).The purpose of this study is to develop student morphemic awareness and increase their companionship of the meanings of word roots including prefixes and suffixes. New avenues of learning roots will be explored. The goal is to improve students potential to decipher the meaning of vernal vocabulary.Learning TargetsFirst, students will be able to divide multi syllable words into word parts or morphemes. On Ellen Gagns level of complexity in human skills, using Discrimination students can get wind and separate roots, prefixes, or suffixes in a word.Next, students will learn the meanings of common prefixes, suffixes and roots. Ellen Gagn would label Greek and Latin roots Defined Concepts.I hope to show students will be able to determine a words meaning based on their knowledge of the words parts. Ellen Gagn would label this Higher hunting lodge Rules. Students will need to apply their previously learned definitions, to form a new definition of a new word.Area of FocusRoots to be studied will be pulled from various resources including Stauffer, 1942, identified the fifteen most common prefixes from the 10,000 words in the Thorndike Word Book ab (from) ,ad (to),be (by),com (with),de (from),en (in),ex (out),in (into), in (not),pre (before), pro (in front of), re (back), sub (under), un (not) (pg. 455).Brown (1947) noted that 80% of the English words borrowed from other languages come to us from Latin and Greek and make up approximately 60% of our language. He analyzed Latin and Greek word roots and concluded that 12 Latin and 2 Greek r oots, along with 20 of the most frequently used prefixes would generate an estimated 100,000 words (see Table 1)(Henry, 1993).Browns fourteen roots 1.tent, ten, tin, tain 2.mit,miss, mitt 3.cap,capt, cip,cept , 4. 14. scribe,script 5. sat, stat, sist 6. graph,gram 7. log,logy 8.spect 9. plic,pled, 10.ply11. tens,tend, tent 12.duc,duct 13. pos,pon 14. face,tic, factPadak, Newton, Rasinski, and Newton (2008) identified a serial publication of level 1, level 2, and level 3 roots for primary, intermediate and middle school students (pgs. 12-15). Their lists includes prefixes, suffixes, and bases (roots) from both Latin and Greek.The Least You Should Know about Vocabulary grammatical construction by Glazier, Friend, Knight.Greek Latin RootsKeys to Building Vocabulary by Rasinski, Padak, Newton Newton.Past Problems Achieving Learning TargetsMy school does not teach Latin. Also, vocabulary construction is not built into the English standards. Students without previous exposure to word roots, suffixes, and prefixes will not get additional exposure at our high school. The school I teach at draws students from 27 different towns throughout northwestern Connecticut. Students do not come with a consistent core of learned roots.SignificanceStudents need to increase their vocabulary to be able to read and comprehend complex texts. Students that can use context clues and knowledge of word origins to decipher a new words meaning. Students need to interpret vocabulary for standardized tests, when reading their textbooks, and other daily reading.Ifit is ones goal top promote generalized vocabulary acquisition by equipping readers with strategies that will enhance their independent vocabulary learning, then instruction in morphemic and contextual analysis becomes the preferred approach (Baumann et al. 452).The language of school, in particular in the top(prenominal) grades, is often driven by content area texts. Most of the speciality words in math, science, and social stu dies come from Latin and Greek origin (Henry, 1993).Research QuestionI am interested to know if students can increase their ability to define unknown words if they have knowledge of dividing words into morphemes and have learned prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Learning Plan Ideaswiki/notebookflash cards/virtual flashcards/app for I touch/I Pad/I foretelli touch applicationsResourcesBaumann, James F. , Edwards, Elizabeth Carr, Font, George, Tereshinski, Cathleen A. , Kameenui, Edward J., Olejnik, Stephen. (2002). Teaching morphemic and contextual analysis to fifth-grade students. translation Research Quarterly. 2, 150-176. Baumann, James F., Boland, Eileen M., Edwards, Elizabeth Carr, Olejnik, Stephen, Kameenui, Edward J. (2003). Vocabulary tricks Effects of instruction in morphology and context on fifth-grade studentsability to derive and infer word meanings. American educational Research Journal. 40, 447-494.Bromley, Karen. (2007). Nine things every teacher should know about wo rds and vocabulary instruction. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy. 7, 528-537.Brunner, Brett L. (2006). Word EmpireA Utilitarian Approach to Word Power Brett L. Brunner, M.A. Star Nemeton Educational Innovations, LLCBryant, Peter, Hurry, Jane, Nunes, Terezinha, Pretzlik, Ursula (2006). Improving literacy by teaching morphemes. New York, NY RoutledgeCarlisle, Joanne F, Stone, Addison C. (2005). Exploring the role of morphemes in word reading. Reading Research Quarterly. 4, 428-449.Fresch, Mary Jo (2007). Word study ways to captivate reluctant learners. Adolescent Literacy in Perspective. March, 8-11.Glazier, Teresa Ferster, Knight, Laura, Friend, Carol. (2004). The least you should know about vocabulary building Word roots. Wadsworth PublishingGreen, Tamara M (2008). Greek Latin roots of English. Lanham, Maryland Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Haag, E Stern (2003). In search of the benefits of learning Latin. Journal of Educational Psychology 95, 174-178.Henry, Marcia . (1993). Morphological structure Latin and Greek roots and affixes as upper grade code strategies. Reading and Writing. 2, 227-241.Holmes, Thomas C., Keffer, Ronald L (1995). A computerized method to teachLatin and Greek root words Effect on verbal SAT Scores. The Journal of Educational Research. 1, 47-50.Langer, Judith A. (2001). Beating the Odds Teaching Middle and High School Students to Read and Write Well. American Educational Research Journal 40, 447-494.Menn, Lise, Peters, Ann M, (1993). False starts and filler syllables Ways to learn grammatical morphemes. Language. 4, 742-777. Nagy, William E., Anderson, Richard C. (1984). How many words are there in printed school English? Reading Research Quarterly. 19, 303-330.Nagy, William, Abbott, Robert D., Berninger, Virginia W. (2006). Contributions of morphology beyond phonology to literacy outcomes of upper elementary and middle-school students. Journal of Educational Psychology 98, 134-147. Newton, turn over M., Newton, Eva ngeline (2005). A little Latina lot of English. Adolescent Literacy in Perspective. June, 2-7. Otterman, Lois. (1955). The value of teaching prefixes and word-roots. The Journal of Educational Research, 8, 611-616. Padak, Nancy, Newton, Rick M., Newton, Evaneline, Bromley, Karen (2008). Greek and Latin roots Keys to building vocabulary. HuntingtonBeach, CA Shell Education.Padak, Nancy, Newton, Evangeline Rasinski, Timothy, Newton, Rick M. (2008). Getting to the root of word study teaching latin and greek word roots in elementary and middle grades. In Farstrup, Alan E., Samuels, S. Jay, What research has to say about vocabulary instruction (6-31). Newark, DE International Reading Association.Scanlan, Richard, T. (1976). A computer-assisted-instruction course in vocabulary building through Latin and Greek roots. Foreign Language Annals. 6, 579-583.Stauffer, Russell G. (1942). A Study of prefixes in the Thorndike List to establish a list of prefixes that should be taught in the e lementaryschool. The Journal of Educational Research. 6, 453-458.

Are The Theories Of Thucydides Relevant?

Are The Theories Of Thucydides Relevant?Are Thucydides and his History of the Peloponnesian War remedy relevant for the analysis of contemporary inter topic relations? Why? It can surely be said that the realism school of thought was created by the swell Greek historian Thucydides after his studies on the Peloponnesian Wars. His of import assumption, which embodies the realist school of thought, is that relations between states atomic number 18 not based on right exactly rather on might, and that a state of anarchy prevails. To answer this essay question, the essay will dispute the degree of relevance of Thucydides theories and ideas in the smart(a) beingness politics, by mainly using the Melian Dialogue as an insight of comparison.Thucydides observations begin during the Peloponnesian Wars between the different Greek city-states (polis). His kickoff recognition was that there was a certain degree of pattern between the strategies adopted by these city-states concerning the relationship between them. He points out a hierarchical system of actions, slice a change in smaller states will not make a difference, a change in stronger states car arguably un equilibrize a signifiering block system. The following quote exemplifies this What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian forefinger and the precaution which this caused in Sparta.Two reasons can be identified of why the start of the Peloponnesian War. The first reason is the amazing growth of capital of Greece in all spheres, and the second, the release of the Megarian ordination. Athens did this due to its preoccupations about the loyalty of its colonies. The Megarian declensionree was essentially an economic sanction towards Megara in order to break its alliance with Sparta, which in turn becomes a threat to Spartas and Corinthian security (Gilpin, 1991 34). The next image of events was that the Corinthians made an ultimatum to the Spartans, suggesting a front against the Athenians, othe rwise they would form a new alliance, thus harming Spartan security. In response, the Spartans demanded the annulment of the Megarian Decree, however Athens refusal to do so was probably the direct cause of war. Thus the security dilemma can be said to cast off driven the two supplys into an undesired war (Lebow, 1991127). To oppose it with a modern usage it has to be mentioned the sudden change in US perception of Soviet power after the Soviet Union launched its first ICBM. This action led to a growing US insecurity, Kennedys concern to maintain US power led to an increase in US strategic build up (Lebow,1991142). However Kauppi states that there are intervening variables preventing the shifting balance of power use uping to war in the cold war world. He cites modern examples of the restraining sum of nuclear weapons, and the existence of neutrals as having a stabilizing influence by not entrapping the superpowers in a zero sum game. He in addition cites the role of ideology as convincing both superpowers that they could win without war (Gilpin, 1991 47). Moreoer, it has to be mentioned that while power transition theory and the resultant fear whitethorn explain the stress imposed on the states, other factors can avoid fear from resulting in war. Lebow matches the power transition theory by arguing that Athens reached the peak of its power twenty years beforehand the war started, he concludes with the notion that it is the perception of power that is vital to power transition theory and war, the effect of middle powers like Corinth is another factor to consider (Lebow, 1991 128). Again, during the Cold War, even though there was not a direct confrontation, the large defence expense and the development of weapons of mass destruction demonstrates that both superpowers used fear to dissuade each other and acting on fear by arming themselves, the nauseous doctrine comes into consideration.Self interest is also one of the main features of Thucydides thoug ht, according to Gilpin, Thucydides thought that human being nature was unchangeable and since human beings were determined by interest, fear and pride, they always look for to augment their wealth until others driven by the comparable, try to stop them (Welch, 2003 304). In the Melian dialogue the Athenians say Our opinion of the gods and our knowledge of men lead us to conclude that it is a general and necessary law of nature to rule wherever one can (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002 57). The speech by the Athenians shows that their only stir up is of preserving their empire, and they try to convince the Melians that it is in their best interest to surrender. They ask the Melians to ignore the matter of justice and claim that it is not in Spartas interest to interfere on their behalf (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002 57). It can be stated very confidently that the Melian dialogue reflects the law of nature of self interest being the most useful strategy. To give a modern example of sel f interest, the statist concept or the national interest, observed in the Mytilenian debate. Both Diodotus and Cleon try to deal the situation to Athenss benefit, even though they have diverse opinions, as Diodotus considerations of justice are inapplicable to interstate relations (Welch, 2003 76). An example of self interest in US doctrine on outer space (Oct 2006) The United stirs will preserve its rights, capabilities, and freedom of action in space and deny, if necessary, adversaries the use of space capabilities hostile to US national interests (BBC News. (2006). US adopts tough new space policy. Available http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6063926.stm. Last accessed 20 Dec 2009). In modern times the principal of self interest shut up guides the actions of states, however, it may not always be that of a single state, as states may cooperate to pursue their common self interest. This is highly considered by the states, as they understand that in a more globalised world t hey must re-think their actions of self interest. The expansion of international law, above all, humanitarian law, exhibitd that there are rules of non intervention and human rights that states are coerced to pursue. Disapproval from the international community in case of their infringement would not be in a states national or self interest. Therefore, while the national interest is an important constituent of state decision making, in the present day, the knowledge f two world wars and the predominance of liberal ideas indicate that the national interest is still imperative solely not the only motive for state behaviour.Power politics is the effect of fear and self interest. To quest after in power politics, the Athenians conclude depends on enduringness The standard of justice, depends on the equality of power to compel and that, in fact, the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002 52). Therefore, the s kill of imposing your demands depends on relative power. As the quote from the Melian dialogue demonstrates, Athens warns Melos to submit as they are too weak to oppose. In view of the fact that there is anarchy between the states relations, the command that exists is created and continued by the powerful that inflict their power inside their sphere of influence. States, resembling to individuals, are encouraged by self interest and fear, and plea to justice only when their interest is provided. The natural right of the stronger to rule over the weaker is a rather simplistic explanation of imperialism (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002 75). A present day example is that of US warning countries that they were either with us or against us. It can be said that this is a warning to force unity in the war on terror. Thucydides adds that an actors power determines his treatment thus showing the essential nature of the balance of power in international relations. This is the safe rule to stand up to ones equals, to behave with deference towards ones superiors and to treat ones inferiors with moderation. (Brown, Nardin, Rengger, 2002 58) A quote from US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice about nations that didnt support the war on Iraq illustrates this Punish France, ignore Germany and forgive Russia. (Reuters. (2003). Rice Quoted Saying U.S. to Ignore Schroeder. Available www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0525-09.htm. Last accessed 20 Dec 2009.) Thucydides finds that it is a law of nature that the weak become subject to the strong and when the opportunity of aggrandisement is offered by superior strength considerations of right and wrong are sacrificed to self interest (Welch, 2003,75). The notion of universal justice is not denied by Thucydides, he merely admits that for better or worse it has no limiting strength in a system composed of states not equal in power (Welch, 200375). On the other side, Bagby disputes that not all states choose to maximise power. The example of Sparta and how the Corinthians call them shy and weak in contrast to Athens, comes to mind. These national differences are established by King Archidamus when he tells the Spartans be not ashamed of the calculation and dilatoriness for which they censure us most. (Bagby, 1994138) Doyle points out that the political ideologies of Athens and Sparta and the dissimilar sectors of society they attract were a significant constituent of their conflict. Doyle reveals that Thucydides stress on the national character of Athens, in its impatient culture and its democratic institutions (Doyle, 1997150-152). Consequently, the aim of maximising power can be understood as a powerful encouragement, but domestic pressures and domestic character are also vital.In conclusion, Thucydides was one of the first to create three assumptions of classical political realism states are the main players, they take power as an end in itself or as a means to other ends and act in ways that are rational. (Keoh ane, Bagby, 1994132) Although Thucydides has been see in many ways, his theories about human nature self interest, power maximisation and fear, are lasting. They describe the strains acting on states in todays world pushing them to take decisions. Even though there are many differences between today and his time Thucydides successfully makes clear the psychological and social propensity in strategy and is therefore relevant today, as the Athenians state And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or to act upon it when made we found it existing before us, and shall leave it to exist for ever after us all we do is to make use of it, knowing that you and everybody else, having the same power as we have, would do the same as we do.

Effectiveness of Sports Sponsorship

Effectiveness of Sports SponsorshipIntroductionFew trade platforms go off match the dent building opportunities fissureed by haves buy atships, with the guarantee of icon in print, largecast and new media. In the highly emotive world of sport, the audience sees sponsorship as book for nighwhatthing to which they feel great attachment. An average of much than 150 trillion hearers watched each footb any match in Euro 2004, with 273 million people tuning in for the final, and in the UK, the highest audience was 20.7 million. (Margraff, 2005) However, denote avoidance in the UK is direct reaching terminal proportions. A recent study conducted by Continental Research found that 45% of UK adults agree with the statement Given the chance I avoid TV ads as much as I commode.. (Evans, 2006) Despite this, and the fact that consumers are spending less and less time consume traditional media, Evans (2006) reports that lazy marketers still siphon off the studyity of their budge t to TV and magazines. Smarter advertisers, however, are devising new ways to interact with their target audience.As a result the main feature of the course of the year will undoubtedly be in June, where the World Cup will break all sponsorship records, and will be the showcase for steels to interact with their consumers like never before. Brands will attempt to emulate Pringles, which partnered Yahoo Sports coverage during Euro 2004 to build sensory faculty around its inhalation team concept. (Evans, 2006) For sponsors, such viewing figures underline why it is so important to be associated with football tournaments and indeed any sports tournaments of magnitude. As a result, Cornwell et al (2005) buzz off concluded that sponsorship of sports tournaments has now become a mainstream merchandising conversations tool. However, whereas sponsorship involves a fee paid in advance for future potential communication values, advertising offers a more knowable and more controlled commun ication. Furthermore, whereas sponsorship requires leveraging promotional spending in addition to the sponsorship fee to obtain the greatest value, advertising is often sponsorships more or less valuable leverage. Sponsorships may as well be directed toward consumers, channel members, financial institutions, government, community, and employees.As a result, in order to gauge the full hard-hittingness of sports sponsorship on marketing and branding, this review will review several(prenominal) different schoolman journals with varying methodologies, from empirical studies to more pure theoretical approaches, in an attempt to forecast the or so successful approaches The methodologies of the journals will be examined in more detail at the end of the review, and the closing curtain will attempt to uncover the most effective methods used, as well as commenting upon the true value of tournament sponsorship in the context of modern marketing.Whilst the main focus of the methodology synopsis will be on the contrast between the empirical, practical, studies and the more abstract, theoretical models, at that place may be more important analysis contained within the articles which use marketing paradigms as their dominant approach. Within the context of tournament sponsorship, the paradigm approach focuses on examining the specific thought patterns, both of the marketers designing the campaigns, and the target audience experiencing them. As a result, paradigms offer a much greater insight into the effectiveness of the tournament sponsorship than pure practical or theoretical approaches. However, a multi paradigm approach provides tear down greater insight, as it looks at differing thought patterns within target segments, and between marketers in the selfsame(prenominal) sector, or even the same firm. This distributor point of complexity manner that multi paradigms have not often been used in the context of tournament sponsorship, but wherever they have been encountered, they have been identified and analysed, using the four interacting paradigms outlined by Burrell and Morgans (1979) work on multi paradigmsLiterature ReviewSports Sponsorship OverviewGrohs et al (2004) analysed recent scans which found that, while managers tended to favour media coverage around ten age ago, now they rate sponsor awareness and stunt man transfer from the sponsored lawsuit to the sponsor as the main reasons for engaging in sport sponsorship.. However, the military rating of sponsorship has not kept up with this change in priorities, and companies often seem reluctant to evaluate sponsor and spectator awareness even though measurement is artless and not actually costly. An important reason might be that previous studies showed the unsatisfying effects of ambush marketing, a form of marketing where new(prenominal) firms contain consumers believe, incorrectly, that these companies are the actual sponsors of an event. This phenomenon will be covered i n more detail later in the review but, in the case of image transfer, evaluation seems to be difficult due to a lack of a compelling comprehensive and testable modelDespite these concerns, corporeal spending on sport sponsorship continues to escalate up 3.7% from 2001 to 2002, with several companies reportedly spending over $100 million each year (Stotlar, 2004). Sport sponsorship has been shown in the literature to be a viable component contributing to market strategy, however of late, the downward movement in many corporate stocks through 2003, projected earnings shortfalls, and decreased alliance profitability has caused some shareholders to question sport sponsorship as an appropriate expenditure of funds because little empirical evidence of return on investment has been provided. However, this can be chiefly viewed as being because many corporations have failed to assess sponsorships effectiveness in meeting their objectives. Perhaps the lack of assessment exists because the process for evaluation has not been solidified in guess or practice thus an evaluation model for sport sponsorship based on the myriad of contributing factors is needed.Stakeholder PerspectivesCornwell et al (2001a) reports that sponsorship of feature and other events has become an increasingly popular marketing communications vehicle. However, Cornwell et al (2001a) join the ranks of academics who claim that precious little research has investigated how sponsorship participation is safe to a firm and its brands. Thus their study explores how managers view the brand equity building capabilities of their sponsorship linked marketing programs over time and, in a ii-phase survey, cubic decimeter managers reported on the value of sponsorships in building brand equity. Findings showed that leverage, the use of advertising and promotion to support the sponsorship, and active management involvement are core(a) predictors of both the perceived differentiation of the brand from its c ompetitors and adding financial value to the brand.To put tournament sponsorship in perspective, the sponsorship of sports, causes, and events has become an established communications tool seen as reusable in building brand awareness, brand image, and corporate image (Javalgi et al. 1994 McDonald 1991 Quester 1997 Turco 1995 Witcher et al. 1991). Brand awareness and image, in turn, are integral to the idea of brand equity, the get dressed of value-adding assets linked to a brand (Aaker 1996). Both academic (Keller 1993 Park and Srinivasan 1994) and business writers confirm the role that sponsorship can play in building equity for the brand. Indeed, Keller (1993, p. 10), in his theoretical development of customer-based brand equity, notes that anything that causes the consumer to experience or be exposed to the brand has the potential to increase familiarity and awareness. Likewise, promotion industry analysts find sponsorship popular as a platform from which to build equity and ga in affinity with target audiences (Smith 1996, p. 15). Empirical work, however, concentrates on only a few brand equity elements, for example, brand awareness Sandler and Shani (1992), brand pick Nicholls and Roslow, (1994), corporate image Turco (1995), and adding financial value to the brand (Cornwell et al, 2001b). As a result, Cornwell and Maignan (1998) claim that no study has considered a broad range of equity elements, thus Cornwell et al (2001a) therefore explore the potential of sponsorship to build various aspects of brand equity, with their purpose being to develop an understanding of how managers view the brand equity building capabilities of their sponsorship-linked marketing programs.However, of concern to managers is that, whilst the sponsorship of football is a multi million pound industry, with many sponsors hoping that supporters enthusiasm for their team will translate into dour term benefits for the sponsor, the intensity of team rivalry pith that a sponsorshi p may also alienate opposing supporters. Davies et al (2006) examined the rival Glasgow federations, Celtic and Rangers, who undertook a say sponsorship arrangement with the communications company NTL, investigating how the benefits obtained compared to those that may have been expected from a hit sponsorship. While the sponsorship was very effective in creating awareness for NTL and very profitable for the clubs Davies et al (2006) found ambivalent attitudes towards the company, with the most committed supporters being the least accepting of the sponsorship, and the expected positive relationship between support for the club and brand preference for NTL was not found.Of course, the companies and participants are not the only stakeholders in a sponsorship deal, curiously for major events. One example of this is in tobacco sponsorship of sporting events, where the opinions of government, health activists, and sport organizers towards the concept have been wide of the markly disc ussed and debated. This paper Danyichuk (2000) contributes a new perspective to the debate by providing input from spectators at a major sporting event obtaining four hundred spectator respondents to a paper and pencil survey at a Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) event that had a tobacco company as its title sponsor. The questions elicited demographic information in addition to spectator smoking habits, awareness of title sponsor, awareness of current tobacco legislation, opinion concerning tobacco sponsorship, and suggestions for resource sponsorship. The final results actually indicated that 73% supported tobacco sponsorship 11 % opposed it and the remaining 16% had no opinion. Those opposed to tobacco sponsorship cited health implications of tobacco use, negative influence on young people, and negative aspects of tobacco promotion in general, and some spectators provided specific examples of alternative sponsors whilst the majority of others indicated that the willing ness and financial interest of a potential sponsor were key elements of the sponsorship arrangement. The final interpretation of this was that, whilst it would be break up to have found another sponsor, it was better to have a tobacco company than no sponsor at all.Given that events would always prefer to have a sponsor, where manageable, Westerbeek (2000) tested the hypothesis that tax income maximization of the tenants of sports facilities is dependent on the geographical location of the facility, or the location of distribution. To test this hypothesis, revenue maximization was operationalised pertaining to sponsorship, and a survey instrument was displace to all sponsors of a Melbourne based football club. The sponsors were grouped as location dependent and location independent based on the location of their head mapping and financial turnover achieved in the area around the sports facility. The survey thus still information on three different steps in the sports intake p rocess including coming to the sports facility, being in and around the sports facility and being serviced in the sports facility, and found that revenue was geographically dependent when the sponsor was alike location dependent.Finally, Payne (1998) conducted a study into the practice of ambush marketing, and its effect on stakeholder, using the example of The Olympic Games which, as the worlds largest and most prestigious sports event, has been a major target for ambush marketing activity. The position of the International Olympic Committee is that the practice of ambush marketing represents a turn over attempt to mislead consumers into believing that the companies involved are supporters of the Olympic Games. However, it was found that the effects were most marked on the other stakeholders the activities of ambushers were found to erode the legality of major events and lessen the benefits to official sponsors, who are the real supporters of such events. Ambush marketing has bee n criticised heavily as it breaches one of the fundamental tenets of business activity, namely, truth in advertising and business communications. As a result, the IOC, as custodian of the Olympic Games, successfully adopts a twofold strategy of protection and prevention to counter the little terror of ambush marketing.Integrating the marketing approachStatistics show that sponsorship of sports and other events is one of the fastest growing areas of promotion, despite the fact that the importance of this persuasion strategy is not reflected in the amount of attention it has received in the marketing literature. Although some research has been done in this area, the majority of work has not employed the same theoretical and methodological rigor given other areas of consumer behaviour. Some scholars, such as McDaniel (1999) have suggested that sponsorship functions like celebrity endorsement advertising, where the perceived match, or mismatch, of brand attributes with the endorsers at tributes influences consumer response to such marketing communications, and the marketing mix as a entirely.However, one of the most difficult challenges for marketers remains the large, diverse means of communication and communication options that are available to support their brands TV, print, and interactive advertising trade and consumer promotions arts, sports, and cause sponsorships etc. Consequently, marketers must understand what various marketing communication options have to offer and how they should be combined to optimize their marketing communications programs. Towards that goal, Keller et al (2001) considered how to develop, implement, and evaluate an integrated marketing communication program, including event sponsorship. To provide both macro perspectives, especially relevant for managerial planning, and micro perspectives they provided criteria as to how integrated marketing communication programs can be designed and evaluated as a whole, i.e. according to coverag e, contribution, commonality, complementarities, robustness, and cost considerations. They also described how the two perspectives relate and conclude by discussing theoretical and managerial implications and outlining future research directions.The warring strategy literature seems to offer two genius approaches to the problems of developing marketing strategy in volatile environments, labelled as the formal and informal approaches by Wilson (1999).. More recent research into managerial knowledge provides promising possibilities for integrating formal and informal approaches to understanding strategy development in volatile conditions, and exploratory research by Wilson (1999) has shown that, in practice and in contrast to much of the strategic marketing literature, the response of organizations in volatile environments depends fundamentally on how the managers involved perceive their environment and that managerial perception can vary considerably between, and even within, riva l organizations facing ostensibly similar environments. As a result, the effectiveness of an organizations strategy can depend crucially on these managerial perceptions, or paradigms, and that it may be more realistic to regard competitive strategy as an organizations response to the perception of competitive threat, rather than the more popular emphasis on opportunity thus sponsorship is often undertaken as a response to a competitor engage a similar strategy, and reaping perceived benefits.Finally, although the importance of signs and symbols has been widely recognized in an integrated marketing approach, only a handful of consumer researchers have developed theory and research programs based on semiotics, the doctrine of signs. Mick (1986) outlined the emergence and principal perspectives of semiotics and then discussed its applications and implications for consumer research and marketing strategy Among its strengths, semiotics positions meaning at the nucleus of consumer behavi our, provides a rich meta-language for semiotic consumer research, and recommends a multi-paradigm philosophy of marketing which can be applied to the effective integration of sponsorship into a wide ranging marketing strategy.Evaluating EffectivenessThe use of gross revenue figures, traditionally used to measure marketing effectiveness, as an indicator of sponsorship effectiveness is highly problematic in mo of the possible influences of collateral marketing communications inputs, carry-over effects of past advertising, changing economic conditions, entry or exit of competing businesses, and so on. Hence, the results of sponsorship are typically appraised in cost of awareness levels achieved attitudes created or altered prompted and unprompted brand or company name recall the extents of television, radio and press coverage, and cost per cat valium prospects. (Bennett, 1999) A common approach is to measure the duration of television coverage of a sponsored event and the magnitude of press coverage obtained in terms of single column inches and then to compute the cost of purchasing corresponding amounts of space or broadcast time (Allen, 1990). This is convenient and practicable, but only indicates the extent of the promotional material resulting from sponsorship, rather than the impact and effects of the exposure (Meenaghan, 1991).Meenaghan (1991) in fact recommends a three-fold evaluation procedure determination of a companys present position in terms of pre-sponsorship awareness and image with the target audience tracking to detect movements in customer attitudes towards the firm and the post-sponsorship comparison of performance levels against initial objectives. A number of theorists, primarily Thwaites (1995), have advocated the use of tracking devices to monitor sponsorship effectiveness, however Marshall and Cook (1992) found that although 78 per cent of a sample of 58 UK sponsoring companies evaluated their investments in some way or other, very fe w of them actually undertook specialised tracking. Allen (1990) similarly reported evidence to suggest that only a small number of companies consummate any formal evaluation of their sponsorship expenditure, or engaged in any research whatsoever designed to identify the likely interests of target customers.The survey conducted by Thwaites (1995) found that while two-thirds of a sample of 30 companies sponsoring UK football teams attempted to evaluate their sponsorship activities, few went beyond the basic measurement of media coverage, and generally unsophisticated methods seemed to be applied. Reasons advanced by managers for not evaluating sponsorship effectiveness included the costs and uncertainties involved, technical research difficulties, absence of meaningful criteria for assessment, and lack of clear initial objectives (Allen, 1990 Thwaites, 1995). As a result, Bennett (1999), suggested that a sponsoring companys ability to create false consensus among spectators represent s a concrete and useful device for measuring the effectiveness of sponsorship activities.In the absence of an external measure of validness of sports advertising effectiveness, alternative measures are often apply. For example, John Hancock Financial Services measures the effectiveness of its bowl sponsorship by the number of stories and lineage in newspapers and magazines across the country (McCarthy 1991). For the 1990 John Hancock Bowl, an American football collegiate championship, 21 binders of newspaper clippings were collected, whose value the insurance company estimated at over $1 million of advertising equivalency. Another approach used by event sponsors is to compare sales in periods before and after the sponsored event, however such alternate measures give no evidence of the size of the audience exposed to the promotion. Furthermore, Levin 1993), claims that measures such as these are incomplete because they do not tell how event marketing shapes consumer awareness, at titudes and impressions of a company or its brands..It is possible to have on-site audience research that goes beyond mere number counting and studies consumer attitudes, interests, and opinions (AIO). For example, statisticians, including Sudman (1980), have developed techniques to make place-based media surveys conform to traditional norms Research has also demonstrated that audiences at particular events have varied demographic and lifestyle characteristics, as well as searching AIO (Nicholls, Laskey, and Roslow 1992). This finding makes certain events more attractive to some sponsors than others. For instance, Nicholls and Roslow (1994) found that the Maryland Gold Cup steeplechase attracts spectators targeted by the local Mercedes-Benz dealers, whereas those attending the Indy CART automobile washables in Miami have characteristics sought by Nissan.Even though Mercedes-Benz and Nissan understand the importance of demographics, lifestyles, and AIO, the impact of sponsorship an d advertising in place-based media is still enigmatic. Where it is possible to make purchases on-site, sales measures are available and, moreover, can be related to the characteristics of customers. For instance, individuals who purchase particular items at a supermarket may be tracked by specialized Nielsen and IRI databases. (Nicholls and Roslow, 1994) In general, however, advertising effectiveness measures are not available for audiences at most place based sites, including sports events, unless they are specially commissioned. Thus, Nicholls and Roslow (1994) were most concerned with methods of measuring the advertising effectiveness of a specific sports event Traditional measures of effectiveness, beyond actual sales, include advertising exposure, consumer attitudes, brand recall, and purchase intentions, and Nicholls and Roslow (1994) collected and analyzed brand preference on sponsor brands promoted at a superior golf tournament in order to build a model of sponsorship effec tiveness.Examples from Specific GenresAction sports, an rising genre of individualistic sports, increased immensely in popularity over the end of the give-up the ghost century (Bennett et al, 2002). Sponsorship of process sports events has likewise increased rapidly over the last few years, and these sponsorships are prevalent on most televised event broadcasts. Bennett et als (2002) research suggested that there is an expansive and increasing fill sports industry and several major corporate sponsors have uncovered the benefits of advertising on ESPN, NBC, and others. Advertising research is replete with examples of utilizing medium measures to assess sponsorship effectiveness, and the literature base on intermediate measures in sport marketing has now been well established by the authors listed above, and has provided sport marketing and management practitioners with useful data on intermediate measures utilized by the LPGA, Olympic Games, and Gay Games, respectively. However, despite the development of literature on sponsorship effectiveness within the sport industry, there is a relative paucity of maestro research on the action sports phenomenon.As such, Bennett and Lachowetz (2004) discussed the attractiveness of the action sports genre to the Generation Y market, claiming that action sports events may increase in popularity even get along over the next few years. Since action sports were founded by individuals seeking to be involved in participant-controlled sports, the genre will likely continue to have some mass appeal for the members of Generation Y, and therefore many companies and marketers will seek to benefit from the transfer of brand associations resulting from the firms aligning themselves with the events and athletes that appeal to the youth segment. Certainly, there are valuable lessons for all sports sponsorship marketing practitioners that can be learned from the substantial growth of the action sports industry, and since there has bee n such a dramatic rhytidoplasty in the popularity and strength of the genre, practitioners should analyze the efforts made by those responsible for expanding the industry. Obtaining sponsors that appeal to targeted markets or have the capability of transferring images is another objective that has been utilized by action sports marketers and managers, and marketers should consider being authentic or creating a cool image when attempting to influence the youth market, especially one so large and filled with cynicism toward corporate sponsorship. As such, Bennett and Lachowetz (2004) concluded that choosing sponsors that can deliver on authenticity rather than simply provide a revenue stream may allow greater return on investment in the future for those targeting Generation YMoving to looking at a more mature genre, certain professional sport organisations fall short of educating their corporate clients with respect to all of the benefits and attributes of the sport products they off er, including sponsorship programs, luxury suites and event sponsorship(Lachowetz et al, 2003). In response to this problem, theorists have developed a nine-step mannikin eduselling, that identifies corporate sales activities designed to assist professional sport franchises in the education and safekeeping of their corporate customers. Lachowetz et al. (2003) surveyed all 29 teams in the National hoops Association (NBA) in an attempt to validate the nine-step process, with the purpose of the study being to collect more detailed information about the sales activities used by NBA franchises. As a follow up to the study, marketing directors were selected from five NBA franchises, with selection criteria including average to below-average team winning percentage and average to above-average corporate customer retention rates, which indicated an effective corporate sales strategy.MethodologyTheoretical ModelsA great deal of fieldwork has attempted to gauge the relative effectiveness of sponsorship in a marketing context, but theorists such as Cornwell et al (2005) claim that these weakly controlled field studies contribute little to our understanding of how individuals process sponsorship-linked marketing communications. By considering qualitative factors, including possible underlying information processing mechanics, individual and group level factors, market factors, and management factors, together with theorized sponsorship outcomes, Cornwell et al (2005) thus offers a theoretical model of consumer center sponsorship linked marketing communications that summarizes and extends theoretical understanding of the topic.Grohs et al (2004) in contrast, examined these obstacles of assessing sponsor awareness and image transfer in sport sponsorships in two ways. Firstly, as a means of reducing the danger of ambush marketing, they analysed a qualitative model designed to identify what drives correct sponsor identification. Their empirical results, collected to test t he model, indicated that event sponsor fit, event involvement, and exposure are the dominant factors predicting sponsor recall, thus offering sponsors a basis for successful sponsorship planning and murder through the selection of an appropriate sponsorship. Secondly, Grohs et al (2004) proposed and empirically tested a quantitative model that assesses image transfer in sport sponsorships, finding support for a basic level of image transfer for all sponsors. However, more detailed research and interpretation of results suggest that the magnitude of image transfer depended on two factors sponsorship leverage and event sponsor fit.The other main theoretical pieces of work were conducted by Keller (2001) and Wilson (1999). Keller (2001) aimed specifically to provide micro perspectives especially relevant for academic research, and in order to achieve this, they introduced the Marketing Communication Tetrahedron, a quantitative model, as a marketing paradigm approach, as well as a mean s of classifying and analyzing factors influencing marketing communication effectiveness along four broad dimensions, i.e. factors related to the consumer, communication, response, and situation. In contrast, Wilson et al built a model based on research that suggested that organizations seem to respond initially to the perception of competitive threat by reinforcing previous behaviour patterns before later and often reluctantly adopting more innovative reforms, implying a cyclical pattern of paradigm adjustment. Implications for further research and for management practice are discussed including the need for multi paradigm models, to compensate for said cyclical behaviour.Survey, Questionnaire and Empirical Data OrientedOne of the major quantitative, practical pieces of work on the subject was the on site survey conducted by Nicholls and Roslow (1994) at the Doral-Ryder broadcast Golf Tournament in 1992. At the time, this was a major Professional Golf Association (PGA) championshi p, held each year at the Doral Country Club in Miami, Florida, with the principal sponsor, Ryder System, being a major vehicle leasing corporation, headquartered in the United States, but with numerous operations abroad. Nine major sponsors were included in the analysis, and the survey was conducted on each of the four days of the actual professional tournament. The championship itself was preceded by several days of pro-am rounds and a musical evening so that the whole affair extended over ten days, and respondents were interviewed as the tournament progressed.Each of the interviewers was assigned to a specific location on the golf course and a total sample of 276 respondents was obtained during the final four days of tournament play. Interviewers were instructed to select the first person to cross a given point following the conclusion of each interview, and this procedure was found to have reduced bias with respect to the interviewer selection of the respondents. Respondents were asked their specific brand preference in the categories included in the study, and the analysis investigated whether the preference for advertiser sponsored brands was related to the number of days attended. Nicholls and Roslows (1994) stated aim was to establish whether there was any empirical relationship between spectators degree of preference for brands advertised on-site and the number of days these spectators attended the tournament, i.e. the number of advertising messages directed to the events audience. Their findings provided a link between the degree of brand exposure and the degree of preference however, despite the large number of respondents interviewed, the link was found to be equivocal at best.A more decisive piece of practical work was completed by Bennett et al (2002) who, after concluding that their literature review revealed no significant research involving sponsorship and action sports, undertook an investigation of the effectiveness of action sports sponsorsh ips.. They claimed that such a study was both warranted and timely and thus composed an original 19 item questionnaire in order to measure action sports sponsor and athlete recognition by members of the Generation Y market. The results from these questionnaires were crucial in forming their conclusions about targeting younger people. Similarly, as part of their work, Lachowetz et al (2003) interviewed numerous individuals by means of a 45-60 minute phone interview. Data from these calls was qualitatively a

Impact of Government Expenditures on Private Consumption

Impact of Government Expenditures on Private ConsumptionDiscuss the implications of a work up in regime expenditures on private consumption behaviour.IntroductionThe fol pitifuling paper will analyse the impact that governing body expenditure has on the domiciles consumption behaviour. Prior to starting the discussion it is imperative to highlight that government expenditure is either in the form of building roads, railways etc. or by changing the level of taxes charged to the individuals in an economy. It is an undisputed circumstance that the primary sparing objective at the micro level is to ensure that resources ar efficiently allocated and on the macro level the objectives are mainly to ensure high and sustained levels of economic fruit maintaining low levels of inflation and unemployment and, finally, maintaining a changeless level of exchange rate regimes.Government expenditure is one of the tools of the fiscal policy which is used to bring the economy to its full emp loyment level or the equilibrium level. The key indicator for growth in the economy is the Gross Domestic Product or more commonly known as gross domestic product. GDP measures the domestic output in the economy, in other words the production of goods and services in the economy. There are have been various debates centred around the fact whether GDP should be considered a good indicator of growth or not besides the area of measurement, many development economists likewise argue that the notion of growth does not take into account the human development side of the economy. In fact all GDP/ GNP (Gross National Product) are touch about is the level of output.Fiscal policy measures were proposed and Keynes to bring the economy out of the recessionary phase and help the economy achieve its macroeconomic objectives and stabilise the economy. However, in the 70s with the presence of stagflation, characterised by periods of stagnation and high levels of inflation, was not cured by fisca l policies as a result of which monetarism emerged and gained popularity. The idea behind increasing government expenditure is to stimulate growth in the economy.Growth will only happen when there is sufficient demand for goods and services. Demand would only exist when commonwealth have the income to spend on the goods and services. Hence many a times in order to stimulate demand, government tends to increase create demand by engaging in activities which employs the under utilised resources. Recession is the result of negative or low economic growth. When there is a negative or low level of growth then the firms are forced to cut down on production, reducing levels of production then results in redundancies which lead to an increase in unemployment, therefore taking the economy away from its equilibrium level. Therefore, government expenditure increases the spending power of the family lines, when the income of the household increases they demand more goods and services. Greater demand creates a ripple effect of firms employing labour to meet the increasing level of demand, this leads to an increase in the production of goods and services, which further results in the rise in the economic growth levels.Governments could increase the income by cutting the taxes charged. Prior to developing this point it is important to highlight that the consumption function which is generally the 45 line was suggested by Keynes. The pursuance diagram depicts the consumption function.Thus Keynes identified various factors on which a households consumption would depend, namelyIncome, whether current level or pass judgment level of incomeAmount of assets heldTaxation if the people anticipated that the taxes would decrease then the current spending would increase. This would also vary with the fact whether the anticipated decrease in taxes is going to be a long-term change or only for a short period.Consumer tastes and preferences if the goods in the market do not appeal to the households preferences then their consumption levels will decline however and the opposite would be true if goods in the market would be as per the requirements of the consumers.In the issuance that domestic production of goods and services does not meet the requirements of the consumers or the level of income increases up to a certain extent then the households would be more inclined(p) to import goods. In this scenario the chemical equilibrium of payments situation could be in danger. Increase in import levels would mean that the budget deficit would increase therefore parkway the domestic production of goods and services down. This would then result in the opposite which is economic growth would fall as import levels increase.ConclusionFrom the preceding paragraphs it apprise be concluded that a rise in government expenditure increases the spending power of the households and it therefore results in a rise in the growth levels. It has also been highlighted that the gove rnment has to ensure that in the light of increasing the growth levels it does it at the cost of achieving the opposite which is reduced levels of growth. For instance whilst higher levels of income increases consumer spending it also can have the negative effect of an increase in budget deficit thus the domestic economy would suffer. Moreover, the governments in the light of measuring economic growth should not simply stick to GDP as an indicator, primarily because it tends to ignore many other factors like the social costs, externalities like pollution and environmental affects and besides it may even widen the gap between the rich and the poor. The government thus has a major role to play in maintaining the balance between economic growth by increasing its expenditure levels. Thus in conclusion it can be said an increase in government expenditure stimulates economic growth in the economy by providing a higher level of income to the private households.BIBLIOGRAPHYGwartney, James D ., Stroup, Richard L., and Sobel, Russell S., Economics Private and Public Choice, (2000), ordinal Edition, The Dryden Press.Lumsden, K, Economics, (2003) Pearson EducationTaylor, John B., Principles of Economics, (1998), Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin CompanyTodaro, M.P. and Smith, S.C., Economic Development, Eight Edition, Pearson Addison-Wiley (2003),

In Literature, Women Are Good and Men Are Evil Essay -- Good vs Evil

What is good without brutal? Without evil, there would be no possible way for good to exist. They complement each other, without one, you shadownot have the other. Yet somehow evil always seems to outweigh the good. This is shown in various literary periods throughout history. There are many different ways that both good and evil can be shown. Good can be shown when someone is being kind or loving. The color white is often cerebrated with good because it symbolizes a lamb, who is soft and sweet, a gentle creature. Evil would usually be associated with black. Black symbolizes evil because when people rally of black, they think of darkness. The dark is scary and unpredictable so it is natural to associate it with evil. Without having an opposite to compare something to then its nearly impossible to define it. Good and evil are defined so easily because when people think of good, they see the opposite of evil and vice versa. Throughout many works of literary works, men hav e been known to be evil/deceitful when it comes to women. Women are seen as the good in literature, not in all but in most cases. Authors such as William Blake and Christina Rossetti illustrate this and also evil in their literature to show their belief that evil dominates the world and good lies in the shadows but in the end, the good always prevails. In the Goblin Market, there are deuce sisters named Lizzie and Laura, one of the sisters falls ill after she is victim to the evil of the goblins in the market but the good overcomes their evil when Lizzie does the right thing by tone ending to the goblin market in search for a way to cure her sister. Lizzie portrays the good in this poem, while Laura and the goblin men show the evil. Lizzie knew and stood firm on her ... ...lish Translation). meter Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Blake, William. Infant Joy. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Blake, William. Infant Sorrow. Poemhunter .com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Davidson, James. Beowulf - Good vs. Evil. StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Jevon, Amy. The Dark Bible Womens Inferior Status. The Dark Bible Womens Inferior Status. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Johnson, William E. Good vs. Evil. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.Smith, Robert. Evolution of American Literature. Evolution of American Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Williams, James A. Role of Women in Literature. StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

Essay on Ophelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares Hamlet

Ophelia - The Innocent Victim in Shakespeares settlement Poor Ophelia, she lost her lover, her father, her mind, and, posthumously, her companion. Ophelia is the only truly innocent victim in Hamlet. This essay will sample Ophelias downward spiral from a chaste maiden to nervous wreck. From the beginning of the lick, in Act I Scene iii, Laertes and Polonius are trying to convince her that Hamlet does not love her and only is interested in her so he can sleep with her. Laertes says Perhaps he loves you now, ...... His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. He is telling Ophelia that she is likely to have her heart broken because of Hamlets high birth. He may not be able to choose who he marries, so although he may love Ophelia, he can never marry her because of the difference in their social classes. This cannot have a good effect on Ophelia, her brother telling her that the her relationship with the one she loves is doomed from the start Polonius tells her Affection pooh You speak like a green girl, / Unsifted in such perilous circumstance. / Do you take his tenders, as you call them? He means that although Lord Hamlet has been showing many signs of affection to Ophelia, it cannot be real. He is saying that Ophelia is blinded by Hamlets trip up and is inexperienced (Unsifted) in this sort of situation. He goes on later to say that these affections are merely ...springes to catch the woodcocks (traps to catch stupid little birds.) Why does Ophelias family remark it necessary to bring down her spirits about her relationship with Hamlet? Cant they let her figure it out for herself? This, in my opinion, is a good example of how Ophelia is put-upon in this play. Later in the play, when Hamle... ... shows how Ophelia is the real victim in Hamlet. Everybody else who was killed in the play had done at least something evil to warrant their deaths, but what did Ophelia do? Did Shakespeare intend for Ophelia to be an innocent victim? Was it his way of ad ding to the feeling of loss or waste that one is supposed to have after seeing the play performed? I believe this to be true, but we may only speculate as to his reasons for doing this. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No draw and quarter nos. Showalter, Elaine. Representing Ophelia Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism. William Shakespeare Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Boston St. Martins, 1994. 220-240.